Assignment on manufatcturing industries

Q. What are agrobased industries?
A. Industries which use agriculture as their raw material are called agro based industries.For example—cotton, jute, silk, wollen textile, sugar and edible oil.
Q. How can we say that textile industry occupies a unique position in the Indian economy?
A. It has a unique position because:
a) It contributes significantly to the industrial production-14%
b )Employment generation—35 million persons; second largest after agriculture.
c) Brings in foreign exchange earnings—about 24.6%
d) Contributes 4% towards GDP.
e) The only industry which is self-reliant and complete in the value chain ie., from raw material to value added products.
Q. Discuss the growth of cotton textile industry in India.
A. In ancient India cotton textiles were produced with hand spinning and handloom weaving techniques.
--After the 18th century power looms came into use.
--The first textile mill was established in 1854.
--During world wars Indian cloth was in demand in UK hence the development of textile industry in India.
--Today there are 1600 cotton and human made fibre textile mills in India.-80% in the private sector and the rest in the public & cooperative sectors. There arer also thousands of small factories with 4 to 10 looms.
--As this industry has close links with agricultural and provides a living to farmers, cotton boll pluckers, workers engaged in ginning, spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging, tailoring and sewing.
--By creating demands it supports many industries such as chemicals, dyes, mill stores, packaging materials & engineering works.
--Spinning centers are centralized in Maharashtra, Gujrat, Tamil Nadu, weaving is highly decentralized to incorporate traditional designs.
--Hand spun khadi provides large scale employment to weavers in their homes as cottage industry.
--India exports yarns to Japan, U.S.A., Nepal, Singapore, Sri Lanka & African countries.
--India has second largest installed capacity of spindles in the world & we share one-fourth of world trade of cotton yarn .
Q. What are the major drawbacks or the problems faced by the cotton textile industry?
A. Our weaving, knitting and processing units can not use much of high quality yarn produced in the country thus low quality fabric.
b)Our trade in garments is only 4% of the world’s total.
c) There are large and modern factories but most of the production is in fragmented small units which cater to local markets. This mismatch is the major drawback of this industry.
Therefore our spinnres export yarn while our apparel/garments manufacturers import fabric.
d) Erratic power supply
e) Machinery needs to be upgraded in weaving, processing sectors.
f) low out put of labour.
g) Stiff competition from the synthetic fibre.

ASSIGNMENT ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES

Q. What is the contribution of industry to the economy?
---Over the last two decades share of the manufacturing sector has stagnated at 17%of GDP—out of total 27% for the industry which includes 10% of the primary industry.
---The trend of growth rate of manufacturing industries over the last decades has been 7% per annum where as desired rate is 12%.
---Since 2003 rate is 9 to 10 % and with the policy interventions by the govt. and renewed efforts by the industry to improve the productivity, economists predict that we will be able to achieve the target over next decade.
---NMCC—The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council has been set up with this objective.
Q. What are the important factors for the location of an industry?
A. Industrial locations are complex in nature and are influenced by the availablility of
a) raw material b) labour, c)capital, d)market power, e)govt. policies and specialized labour, f)the key to decision of factory location is the least cost.
Factory is generally located where these factors are either available or can be arranged at lower cost.
Q.’ Industrialization and the urbanization go hand in hand’. Comment.
a) Wherever the industrial activity starts the urbanization follows.
b) Some times industries are located near the cities.
c) Cities provide markets and services such as banking, insurance, transport, labour, consultants and financial advices etc. to the industry.
d) Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers called AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES.
Q. What do you understand by the agglomeration economies?
A. When infra-structure is developed in an area and different industries make use of it it is called agglomeration economy. Many industries tend to come together to make use of the advantages offered by the urban centers as roadways, facilities as water/electricity etc.
Gradually a large industrial agglomeration takes place.

NOTES/ASSIGNMENT ON MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.

Q.What is manufacturing?
Production of goods in large quantities after processing from raw materials to more valuable products is called manufacturing.
Q. The economic strength of the country is measured by the development of the manufacturing industries. Justify the statement.
A. Manufacturing industries are considered the backbone of the development in general and of the economic development in particular. It is said so because.,
a)They not only help in modernising agriculture but also reduce heavy dependence of the people on agricultural income by providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
b) Industrial development is a precondition for eradication of poverty and unemployment, which was also the main idea behind public sector & joint sector ventures. It also bring down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal & backward areas.
c) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce , & brings in foreign exchange.
d) Countries which produce goods of higher value are prosperous.
Q. Agriculture and industry move hand in hand. Comment.
A. Agriculture and industry are not exclusive of each other, they go hand in hand.
a) Agro industries in India have given boost to agriculture by raising their productivity.
b) Agro industries depend on agriculture for raw materials.
c) Agro industries are the buyers of products like irrigation pumps, fertilizers, insecticides, pesticides, plastics, pipes machines, tools etc.,
d) Develpoment and competitiveness of manufacturing industries have not only assisted agriculturalists in increasing production but have also made their production process efficient & easier.

RAPID FIRE ROUND--QUESTIONS

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS IN ONE WORD OR ONE SENTENCE.
Q1. Name four iron ore producing states of India.
Q2. For which purpose bauxite or aluminium is mainly used?
Q3. Name four coal producing states of India.
Q4. What is Neyveli famous for? Name the state it is in?
Q5. In which field is Kolar gold field located?
Q6. Name the river known for largest deposits of ‘Black Gold’ in India.
Q7. Name the raw material used for cement industry?
Q8.Which is the highest quality hard coal?
Q9. Khetri mines are famous for which minerals?
Q10. Which salt is formed due to evaporation?

ASSINGNMENT ON MINERALS & ENERGY RESOURCES

Q. What is the difference between hydroelectricity and thermal electricity?
A. HYDRO ELECTRICITY—it is generated by fast flowing water, and is a renewable resource, where as THERMAL ELECTRICITY is generated from coal, petroleum and naturalgas which are non renewable resources.
b)India has number of multipurpose projects to gernerate electricity as Bhakra nangal, Damodar valley, the Kopili hydle project etc., and for thermal power we have 310 thermal power plants in India.
c)Hydle power is pollution free where as thermal power leaves lot of smoke.
Q. What do you know about nuclear / atomic power?
A. It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms, when such alteration is made energy is released in the form of heat and it is used to generate electricity.
Uranium and Thorium (found in Rajasthan & Aravalli hills) are used to generate this power.
Monazite sands of Kerela are also rich in thorium.
Q. List six Nuclear Power stations in India
1. RawaBhata- Rajasthan
2. Kakrapara- Gujrat
3. Tarapur- Maharashtra
4. Kaiga- Karnataka
5. Kalpakkam- Tamilnadu
6. Naraura.- Uttar Pradesh
Q. Why do we need non-conventional sources of energy?
A. The growing consumption of energy has made the country dependent on fossil fuels, which will not last long.
b) Rising prices of oil and gas has created uncertainties regarding supply of energy in the future, which in turn also has repercussions on the economy.
c)Fossil fuels are causing serious pollution problems.
d) India is blessed with an abundance of sunlight, water, wind and biomass—from which energy can be generated.
Q. Why do you think that solar energy has bright future in India?
A. India is a tropical country and thus receives enormous sunlight.
b) Solar energy is more developed in western India as it receives unperturbed sun light and has clear skies.
c) Solar energy is fast becoming popular in remote and rural areas as it is cheaper & is pollution free.
d)It is expected that solar energy will be able to minimize the dependence of rural household on fire wood and dung cakes, which in turn will contribute to environmental conservation and adequate supply of manure in agriculture.
Q. Where is the largest solar power plant located in India?
A. Madhapur, near Bhuj in Rajasthan.
Q. What do you know about wind power resources in India?
A. India now ranks as a “wind super power” in the world.
--The wind farm cluster is located in Tamil Nadu from NAGARCOIL toMADURAI.
--There are also wind farms in Karnataka, Gujrat, Kerela, Maharashtra, Lakshadweep.
--NAGARCOIL & JAISALMER are effective wind farms in the country.
Q. How is biogas produced?
A. Shrubs, farm waste, animal and human waste are used to produce biogas for domestic consumption in the rural areas. Decomposition of the organic material yields gas which has higher thermal efficiency and is known as biogas.
Q. How is biogas useful to us? OR
Biogas is the most efficient use of cattle dung. Comment.
A. Biogas has higher thermal efficiency in comparison to the kerosene, dung cake, and charcoal.
b) It is pollution free.
c) There is not much cost factor involved in its generation.
d) The plants using cattledung are called ‘GOBAR GAS PLANTS’ in rural India.
These are providing twin benefits to the farmers—in the form of energy and improved quality of manure ( as it improves the quality of manure and prevents the loss of trees)
Q. How can we generate tidal energy?
Oceanic tides can be used to generate tidal energy. During high tide water flows into the inlet and gets trapped when the gate is closed. After the tide falls the water retained by the floodgate flows back to the sea via a pipe that carries it through a power generating pipe.
Q. Tidal power generation—
In India Gulf of Kuchchh provides ideal conditionds for utilizing tidal energy.
A 900 mw tidal energy plant is setup by the National power Corporation.
Q. What is Geothermal energy?
A. It is the heat and electricity produced by using the heat from the interior of the earth.
It exists because the Earth grows progressively hotter with the increasing depth.
Where the geothermal gradient is high, high temperatures are found , groundwater in such areas absorbs heat from the rocks and becomes hot and gets converted into steam when it rise to the earth surface. This steam is used to drive turbines and generate electricity.
Q. Geo thermal power generation..
A. Two experimental projects are have been set up in India to harness this power.
1. located in Parvati valley near Manikaran in Himachel Pradesh.
2. In Puga valley in Ladakh.

ASSIGNMENT ON MINERALS&ENERGY RESOURCES

Q.1 What is the importance of coal?
A In India coal is abundantly available fossil fuel.
(b) It provides substantial energy needs of the nation.
© It is used for power generation to supply energy to industry and domestic needs.
(d) India is highly dependent on coal for its commercial energy requirements.
(e) It is used as fossil fuel.
Q2 How is coal formed?
A .It is formed due to the compression of plant material over millions of years. It’s different forms depend on the degrees of compression and the depth and time of burial.
Q3 Write about different types of coal
(1) Peat – formed by decaying plants in swamps
--it has low carbon content and high moisture contents.
--It has low heating capacity.
(2) Lignite – is low grade brown coal
--is soft with high moisture content.
--Reserves – in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu.
--It is used for generation of electricity
(3) Bituminous – it is most popular coal in commercial use
--is high grade coal with special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces.
(4) Anthracite – is the highest quality hard coal.
Q. Coal occurs in rock series of two main geological ages in India, name them.
A. Two main geological ages are Gondwana – over 200 million years in age. Major resources of this coal which are metallurgical coal are located in the Damodar valley (West Bengal,Jjharkhand)
Jharia, Rani ganj, Bokaro.
The Godavari, Mahanadi, son and Wardha valleys have also coal deposites.
Asssam , ArunachalPradesh and Naga land.
Q. Why are heavy industries and thermal power stations located on or near the coal fields?
A.Because coal is bulky material which loses weight on use as it is reduced to ash.
Q. What are the uses of petroleum ?
A. it is the energy source.
(b) it provide fuel for the heat and lightning.
© lubricants for machinery.
(d) raw materials for manufacturing industry.
(e) petroleum refineries act as nodal industry for synthetic textile, fertilizer and chemical industries .
Q. Where do we find petroleum ?
A. Petroleum occurrences in India are associated with anticlines and fault traps in the rock formations of tertiary age .
(b) In the regions of folding , anti clines it occurs where oil is trapped in the crest of up fold.
© It is also find in fault traps between porous and non porous rock.
Q. Write about the distribution of petroleum production in India.
A. (1) 63% of production is from mumbai high.
(2) 18% from Gujrat – Ankeleshwar oil field
(3)16% from Assam – Digboi, Naharkatiya and Moran- Hugrijan oil fields.
Q. Why is natural gas called ‘ fuel for the present century’/
A. Natural gas is an clean energy resource.
b)It is used as a source of energy & as an raw material in the petrochemical industry.
c)It is considered an environment friendly fuel because of low carbon dioxide emissions.
d) Power and fertilizers are the key users of natural gas.
e)Compressed natural gas for veheciles to replace liquid fuels is gaining wide popularity.
Q. What do you know about the natural gas reserves in India?
A. Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered in the Krishna- Godavari basin.
b) Gulf of Cambay.
c) Andaman & Nicobar islands.d) Hazira-Vijaypur-Jagdishpur cross country pipeline Mumbai High and Bassien with the fertilizer, power and industrial complexes in western and northern India.

Some useful& interesting pictures of non-conventional sources of energy.

TIDAL ENERGY GENERATING TURBINES

WIND MILL FARM


GEO THERMAL POWER GENERATION


THE POWER GENRATION PROCESS

WOMEN USING BIOGAS

BIOGAS TANK

HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER

SOLAR POWER