ANNOUNCEMENT-NOTES

Dear students I have posted notes of Forest Resources-ch-2 of geography on contemporarylearning10.ning.com.
Also latest weightage of marks as per CBSE-2009-10 is also there.

Answers to question--3-3-09

1.Why jute is called golden fibre?
It is because it is golden in colour and it is an item of export
2. Why some crops are commercial in one region & not in the others?.
2. Some crops are commercial in one region & provide sustinence in other regions as rice is a staple crop of south and is exported to northern parts of India , so is also the case of jowar & bajara, which is food crop in Rajasthan .
3. Did world war effect the nationalfreedom movement?
3. World war situation did effect our freedom struggle movement .
Forced recruitment, increased defence expenditure and crop failure at this time agrrevated the nationalistic sentiments of the people.
4.There was only one Association formed by Dr. Ambedkar—Depressed classes Association in 1930.
5. What does nationalism means?
Nationalism in literal sense means feeling for your country.
It meant different things to different people.
In modern Europe it means formation of nation-states and in post war era it is connected to anti-colonialism, as in India.
6. Reaction of Mohd. Ali Jinnah to civil disobedience movement ?
There has been no mention fo this topic in the book .
7. Which are the institutions which form the basis for evaluating of democracy?
As such there is no creterion to evaluate democracy as different countries face different challenges but still its functioning is evaluated through the working of various institutions such as --a country,s powersharing arrangement.
--Rights enjoyed by the people--elections--free& fair & regular elections.
--Accomodation of diversity
--Federalism
--role of pressure groups etc.

SOLUTIONS TO QUERIES-

Question:
what is the difference between pressure groups and political parties on the basis of formation, objective and accountability?

FORMATION: Political parties are registered with election commission & pressure groups need not to be registered.
--political parties are at times grow out of the pressure groups.
Objective: political parties are formed to gain power but pressure groups do not have any such intention instead they exert influence on the parties.
Accountability: political parties are accountable as it has to contest next election but pressure groups do not have any such accountability & at times they lapse after the objective has been achieved.
Question
can you make d' answer more brief 4 d' different types of government?....
There are three levels of governments : central, state &local . you have to do local govt. in detail & that is given in the notes and on page no.25.

Answer to queries--(Vipul)

Q1. What is a sector?

Ans. The economy may be classified into subdivisions called sectors (also called industries) in several ways. Sectors may be further subdivided into subsectors.

2.What role does bank play in national economy?give three points.(3 marks)
Ans. Banks play a very important role in our national economy as
a) banks mediate between those who have surlpus funds--depositors & those who are in need of these funds--borrowers.
b) banks give credit on easy terms.
c) if banks will not be there, there will be be no demand deposits or cheque payments .
d) RBI issues currency.
3.what is the role of money lender in rural economy?(3 marks)
--He is the informal source of credit in rural areas &
-- the only source who can give credit with out collateral.
--borrowers can approach moneylender without repaying their earlier loans.
4.what developmental goals encourage woman to work outside their home?(3 marks)
--more money to run household.
--financial independence.

SAMPLE PAPER

SOCIAL SCIENCE
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER I
Class :X
Time : 3 Hrs Max Marks : 80
Q.1 Why did the British Government curtail the freedom of Press after 1857 in India? 1
OR
Write the main contribution of Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer as a novelist in Malayalam
literature. 1
Q.2 Why did Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim the river dams as the temples of modern
India? Explain the main reason. 1
Q.3 Write one point of similarity and one point of difference between magnetite and hematite
iron are. ½ + ½ = 1
Q.4 Which is the northern most international airport of India? 1
Q.5 Mention any two ways in which caste has influenced politics in India. ½ + ½ = 1
Q.6 Name any two Asian countries in which there was conflict between two linguistic and
ethnic groups. ½ + ½ = 1
Q.7 State one reform for making Indian democracy more effective. 1
Q.8 Define per capita income. 1
Q.9 Among Punjab, Kerala and Bihar, which one has the lowest Infant Mortality rate? 1
Q.10 How can development be sustained in an economy? Give an example with reference to
the use of resources. 1
Q.11 Analyse the circumstances which led Gandhiji to choose abolition of the salt tax as the
most important demand of the Civil Disobedience movement. 3x1=3
Q.12 Critically examine the different ways suggested by different leaders for uplifting the status
of dalits in Indian society. 3x1=3
Below are given three groups A,B, & C of questions 13 and 14. Select any one group for answering these two questions.
GROUP A
Q13 Analyse the three measures adopted by the producers in India to expand the market for
their goods in the 19th century. 3x1=3
Q.14 Explain three types of movements or ‘flow’ within the international economic exchange
in the 19th century in the context of world economy. 3x1=3
GROUP B
Q.13 Describe the position of women in Britain in the 19th century in three points. 3x1=3
Q.14 “The indentured labour gave rise to a new culture in the Carribean” Justify this Statement
with three examples. 3x1=3
GROUP C
Q.13 The First world war created dramatically a new situation for Indian Industries. Analyse how this happened by giving three situations. 3x1=3
Q14 Do you agree or disagree that the process of Urbanization in the city of London providedmore disappointments than opportunities? Give three reasons in support of your answer.
3x1=3
Q.15 Read the following extract taken from the textbook and answer the questions that follow:
In 1926, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossien, a noted educationist and literary figure.
strongly condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion
as she addressed the Bengal Women’s Education Conference:
The opponents of female education say that women will become unruly.....Fie! they call
themselves Muslims and yet go against the basic tenets of Islam which gives women an
equal right to education. If men are not led astray once educated, why should women?
(a) Explain how Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein asserts women’s right to education?
(b) What was the impact of printed books on women in India in the 19th century.? 1+2=3
OR
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it : 2+1=3
‘Dear children, don’t read these novels, don’t even touch them. Your life will be ruined. You will
suffer disease and ailments. Why did the good Lord make you - to wither away at a tender age?
To suffer in disease? To be despised by your brothers, relatives and those around you? No. No.
You must become mothers; you must lead happy lives; this is the divine purpose. You, who were
born to fulfill this sublime goal, should you ruin your life by going crazy after despicable novels?’
(a) Analyse the message given by the writer to children.
(b) Name the woman novelist of early nineteenth century who wrote against traditional role
of women as wives and mothers.
Q.16 Study the above map and answer the following questions:
(16.1) Name the three Super Highways shown in the map.
(16.2) Name any three metropolitan cities linked by one of these Superhighways.
1½ + 1½=3
For Blind students only in lieu of question number 16
Name the three states, each of which has two major sea ports and also name any one
port of each of these states. 1½ + 1½ = 3
Q.17 Examine with the help of three examples, how dignity and freedom of citizens are bestguaranteed in a democracy. 3
Q.18 Analyse with a suitable example the meaning of right to choose provided under
Consumer Protection Act. 3
Q.19.1 Give any four features of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in the Vietnamese war against the U.S.
4x1=4 OR
Q.19.2 Describe four stages of unification of Germany. 4x1=4
Q.20 Describe four main characteristics of arid soils of India 4x1=4
Q.21 Describe four important characteristics of rice cultivation in India. 4x1=4
Q.22 Which factor plays the most dominant role in the ideal location of an industry? Explain
any three reasons in support of this factor. 1+3=4
Q.23 Explain any four measures taken to decentralize power in India 4x1=4
Q.24 With the help of two examples explain how social divisions have affected politics.2+2=4
Q.25 “Political parties play a major role in democracy.” Give four points to justify this statement.
4x1=4
Q.26 Give the meaning of tertiary sector. State any three factors that have contributed to the
growth of this sector. 1+3=4
Q.27 The following table shows the sources of credit for rural households in India in 2003
Source Share
Money lenders 30%
Cooperative societies 27%
Commercial banks 25%
Others (traders, relatives etc) 18%
On the basis of the above table answer the following questions:
(27.1) What is the share of formal sector in the total credit?
(27.2) Suggest two measures for improving the share of formal sector in total credit.
(27.3) Why is money lender still the largest single source of credit? 1+2+1=4
Q.28 Why did the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment after
independence?
Q.29 Six features with serial nos. 1 to 6 are marked on the given outline political map of India
Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct
names on the lines marked in the map :
1. Main centre of overseas trade in the seventeenth century;
2. Large scale industrial region in 1931;
3. A type of soil;
4. Major producers of coffee;
5. A coal mine, and
6. Eastern terminal city of East-West Corridor. 6x1=6 OR
Q.29 Locate and label the following on the given outline political map of India.
1. A place where session of Indian National Congress was held in 1920;
2. A place in Gujarat where Gandhi ji organised satyagraha movement of cotton-mill workers;
3. An iron and steel plant located in the Chhattisgarh;
4. Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu;
5. Software Technology Park in Jammu and Kashmir, and
6. A sea port in Andhra Pradesh. 6x1=6
The following question is only for blind candidates in lieu of Q No 29
i) Name the place where Gandhi ji organised satyagraha against indigo planters.
ii) Name the place where a massacre took place on 13th April, 1919.
iii) Name an iron and steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
iv) Name a nuclear power plant in Tamil Nadu.
v) Name a software technology park in Jammu and Kashmir.
vi) Name a sea port in Andhra Pradesh. 6x1=6

NEW YEAR WISHES TO ALL READERS

work, life and leisure

Bombay the prime city
--the East India company quickly shifted its capital from Surat to Bombay.
--at first Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujrat , later in the 19th c , the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton & opium would pass.
--gradually it also became an important administrative centre in the western India and by the end of 19 th c a major industrial centre.
WORK IN THE CITY
Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidencyin 1819, after the Maratha defeat In the Anglo-Maratha war.
--with the growth of trade in cotton & opium, large communities of traders & bankers as well as artisans & shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
--the establishment of textile mills led to a fresh sBOMBAY AS THE CITY OF DREAMS:
. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was far more difficulturge in migration.
--the first textile Mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills.Large number of workers to these mills came from nearby districts.
--women formed 23% of mill workforce between 1919-1926, after that the number droppedto less than 10%as machines had come.
--Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India.
--Bombay was also at the junction head of two major Railways, which encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city.
For example during the famine in 1888-89, large number of people drove into Bombay from the dry regions of Kutch.
HOUSING & NEIGHBOURHOODS
Bombay was a crowded city with average space of 9.5 square yards, with an average of 20 persons.
Bombay was not a planned city and the house especially in the Fort area, were interspersed with gardens.
--in Bombay the FORT AREA which formed the heart of the city in early 1800s was divided between a ‘native town’ where most of the Indians lived, and a European or ‘white section.’
--the European suburb & an industrial zone began to develop to the north of the Fort area, with similar suburb & cantonment in the south. This racial pattern was true of all three Presidency cities.
--rapid & unplanned expansion of the city and growing mills led to the crisis of housing and water supply by mid-1850’s.
--like the European elite the richer Parsi , Muslim & upper caste traders & industrialist of Bombay lived in sprawling spacious bungalows and in contrast, more than 70% lived in the thickly populated CHAWLS of BombayCHAWLS:
--They were multi-storied structures built from 1860’s in the ‘ native’ parts of the town.
--they were like the tenements in London they were largely owned by the private landlords as merchants, bankers & building contractors for quick way of earning money from the migrants.
--chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets.
--many families could reside at a time in a tenement, which were of one room with 4-5 occupants.
--people had to keep their windows closed even during the humid weather due to the ‘close proximity’ of filthy gutters, prives, buffalo stables etc.
--water was scarce and there were quarrels over it.
--streets & neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing & sleeping.
--LEISURE ACTIVITIES: -- liquor shops & akharas came up in any empty spot.
--There were magicians, monkey players or acrobats.
--chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.
-- at times the jobber settled disputes, organized food supplies or arranged informal credit & also brought important information on political developments.
--people who belonged to ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing or were kept out of many chawls & had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves or bamboo poles.
TOWN PLANNING:
Planning in Bombay was a result of fears about epidemic plague.
--the city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898, it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.
--by 1918, Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it had the opposite effect of producing severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew from the market.
--one of the way the city was developed was through massive reclamation projects.
LAND RECLAMATION IN BOMBAY:
--THE EARLIEST PROJECT BEGAN IN 1784. THE Governor of Bombay approved of building of the great sea-wall which prevented the flooding of the low-lying areas of Bombay.
--the need for additional commercial space in the mid-19thc led to the formulation of several plans, both govt. & private companies for the reclamation of more land from the sea.
--private companies became interested taking financial risks. In 1864, the Back Bay reclamation company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. By 1870’s the city was expanded to about 22 square miles.
--successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914& 1918 and used excavated earth to create the 22-acre Ballard Estate. And famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed..

BOMBAY AS THE CITY OF DREAMS:
Bombay appears to many as a ‘mayapuri’- a city of dreams.
--many films in Bombay deals with the arrival in the city of new migrants & their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.
--some popular songs from the Bombay film industry speak of the contradictory aspects of the city, as in CID, Guest house etc.( TAKE SONGS FROM BOOK-PG—145)
HISTORY:
Q. When did the Bombay film industry make its first appearance?
Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens & it became India’s first movie in 1896.
--Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra in 1913.
--by 1925, Bombay had become India’s film capital producing films for national audience.
--the amount of money invested was about 756 million in 1947 in 50 films & the industry employed 520’000 people.
PEOPLE: most of the people employed in the industry were themselves migrants who came from cities looking like Lahore, Calcutta & Madras which contributed to the national character of the industry.
--people who came from Lahore than in Punjab were important to the development of the industry.
--many famous writers like Ismat Chughati & Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with Hindi cinema.
--Bombay films have contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a blend of dream and reality, of slums & star bungalows.
LEE KUAN YEW’S SINGAPORE:
Singapore a successful, rich & well planned city, a model for city planning worldwide.Until 1965, Singapore though an important port but had all the problems of a Asain cities. It was overcrowded, lack sanitation, had poor housing & poverty.
Planning was known in Singapore since 1822,but benefitted only a small community of white people who ruled Singapore.
--all this city changed after the city became an independent nation in 1965. Under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, the President a massive housing and development programe was under taken and it completely altered the face of the island nation.
--through the planning every inch of the island’s territory was controlled in its use.
--the tall housing blocks, which were well ventilated & serviced were built.
--crime was reducedthrough external corridors, aged were housed alongside their families, ‘void decks’ or empty floors were provided in all buildings.
-migration to the city was strictly controlled.
--news-papers& journals and all forms of communication & association were strictly controlled.
--the citizens of Singapore enjoy a very high degree of material comfort & wealth.
CITIES & THE CHALLENGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
City development every occurred at the expanse of the ecology and environment.
--natural features were flattened out and transformed in response to the growing demands of space for the factories, housing and other institutions.
--large quantities of refuseanmd waste products polluted air & water, while excessive noise became the feature of the urban life.
ENGLAND:
Widespread use of coal in homes & industries I 19thc England raised serious problems such as :
a)in the industrial cities Leeds, Bradford & Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys polluted the air—skies were always grey and all vegetation black.
--black fog that descended on towns, causing bad tempers, smoke related diseases and dirty clothes.
STEPS:
1.People joined campaigns for cleaner air, the goal was to control the nuisance through legislation. This was not easy as the factory owners & steams engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that improve their machines.
2. By the 1840’s few towns such as Derby, Leeds & Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city but the smoke was not easy to monitor or measures and the owners got away with minor adjustments to their machinery that did nothing to stop the smoke.
3.Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847-53 did not always work to clean the air.
CALCUTTA:
It too had the history of pollution.
–its people inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter.
–since the city was built on the marshy land, the resulting fog combined with the smoke to generate thick black smog.
–high level pollution was the consequence of the huge population that was dependent on the dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.
–the main polluters were the industries & establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
STEPS:
1. Colonial authorities were at first intent on clearing the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours, but the railway line introduced in 1855 brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture-coal from Raniganj.
--the high content of ash in Indian coal was a problem. Many pleas were made to banish the dirty mills from the city with no effect.
--in 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get smoke nuisance legislation.--in 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of coal, leading residents to complain that the air is filled up with black soot which falls like drizzling rain from morning till night. The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission managed to control industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was far more difficult