Wednesday, August 27, 2008
Tuesday, August 26, 2008
CH-2-ECONOMICS-SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Chapter –2—Economics
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
In order to understand the functioning of any economy, we need to study various sectors that it comprise. All around us we find people engaged in different types of activites.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC SECTORS:
The classifications are based on
1.Nature of activity being performed.—Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
2.Working conditions of the workers—Organised & unorganized.
3.Who own the assets/ on the ownership basis.—Public & Private
PRIMARY SECTOR: 1.Activites undertaken by directly using natural resources.
2. Example—Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy etc.
3.It is called primary sector because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
4. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, forestry, fishing it is also called Agriculture and related sector.
SECONDARY SECTOR:
It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
2. it is a next step after primary, where the product is not produced by nature but has to be made.
Some process of manufacturing is essential, it could be in a factory, a workshop or at home.
3. Example: Using cotton fibre from plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth; using sugarcane as a raw material we make sugar or gur; we convert earth into bricks.
Since this sector is associated with different kinds of industries, it is also called industrial sector.
TERTIARY SECTOR:
1.These are the activities that help in the development of the primary & secondary sector.
2. These activities by themselves do not produce good but they are an aid and support to the production process.
3.Example: a)Transportation--Goods that are produced in the primary sector need to be transported by trucks or trains and than sold in the wholesale and retail shops;
b) Storage--at times it is necessary to store these products in godowns,which is also a service made available.
c)Communication --talking to others on telephone);
d) Banking--borrowing money from the banks.
4.Since these activities are generate services rather than goods it is also called Service sector.
Q. How do we count the various goods and services and know the total production in each sector?
As thousands of goods and services are produced, it is an enormous task to add up all these.
To get to this problem economists suggested that the value of goods and services should be used rather than adding the actual numbers. But only one precaution is to be undertaken ie., only final value of the goods and services should be counted as it already includes the value of all intermediate goods.
GDP— The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And sum of production in three sectors give Gross Domestic Production—GDP of the country.
--It is the value of all final goods and services produced within the country during a particular year.
--GDP shows how big the economy is.
Q. Who measures the GDP in India?
This mammoth(huge) task in India is carried on by the Central government ministry , with the help of various govt. Departments of Indian states and union territories.
The information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices is collected and then estimates the GDP.
Historical change in the sectors: three stages.
INITIAL STAGE:
After observing the changes that have come in the development patterns of the sectors, it has been found that
- in the Initial stages of the development the Primary Sector was the most important sector of economic activity.
-As the methods of farming changed and agricultural sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before and many people could takeup many other activities which led to the increase in number of activities.
-However at this stage most of the goods produced were natural products from the primary sector, hence most people were employed in this sector.
SECOND STAGE:
-Over a long time(more than hundred years or so) because new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding.
-People began to work in factories in large numbers, and also people started using factory goods in large numbers as they were cheap.
-Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment. There was a shift and the importance of the sectors also changed.
THIRD STAGE:
In past hundred, there has been a further shift from Secondary to Tertiary sector in the developed countries.
-The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.Most of working people are also employed in the service sector.
Q. What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?(book question)
It indicates that both secondary and tertiary sectors are developing and are becoming major contributors of the GDP.
-This shift has come up with the improvement in the agricultural sector, people now had more time for other activities and the number of craft persons, traders (SECONDARY) increased and also buying and selling activities also increased .Now there were many transporters, administrators, army etc.(TERTIARY)
Rising importance of tertiary sector in production:
Over thiry years between 1973 and 2003, production in the tertiary sector has increased the most, and it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.
Q. Why the Tertiary sector is becoming so important in India?
There are several reasons to it:
1. In any country several services such as hospitals , educational institutions, post and telegragh services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies etc. are required.
These services are called the’ Basic services.’ In the developing countries the government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services.
2. The development of the agriculture and industrial leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage and the like. Greater the development of primary and secondary sectors more will be demand of such services.
3. As the income level rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping , private hospitals, professional training etc. This is found especially in the big cities.
4. Over the past decade or so certain new services such as those based on the information and communication technology have become important & essential.
INDIAN SECTORIAL GROWTH:
It is a remarkable fact that while there has been a change in the share of three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.
--Service sector in India employs many different kinds of people—at one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled workers and on the other end there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transporters etc. Hence only a part of sector is growing in importance.
-- More than half of the workers in the country are working in primary sector, mainly in the agricultural, producing only a quarter of GDP. In contrast to this secondary and tertiary sector are producing three-fourth of the produce whereas they employ less than half the people.
Q. WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED? WHY?
The primary sector employs the largest number of people in India.
--It is because not enough jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
Q. Even though primary sector employs largest number of people yet its share in GDP is less. Why?
--More than half of the workers in the country are working in primary sector, mainly in the agricultural, producing only a quarter of GDP. In contrast to this secondary and tertiary sector are producing three-fourth of the produce whereas they employ less than half the people.
--This also means that there are in agriculture more people than necessary and even if we move a few people out, production will not be effected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector are under-employed.
UNDER-EMPLOYMENT:
It is a situation, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
--if few people move out , it will not effect the production.
--it is hidden in contrast to the open unemployment where a person is clearly or visibly without job.
--it is also called disused unemployment.
--this underemployment also happens in the other sectors for example there are thousands of casual workers in service sector in the urban areas as painters, plumbers, repair persons etc.
HOW CAN WE CREATE EMPLOYMENT?
There are various ways in which govt. can create employment opportunities as…
1.The govt. can spend some money or banks can provide loans to construct well ect. Which will reduce the dependency of farmers on rains, and they will be able to grow two crops a year.
2.Construction of Dams and Canals can lead to lot of generation of employment in agricultural sector itself.
3.If govt. invests some money on transportation and storage of crops or makes better rural roads, it can provide productive employment not just to farmers but alsoto other who are in services like transport or trade.
4. If local banks give credits at reasonable rates to the small and marginal farmers ,they will be able to buy necessary inputs for their crops in time.
5.Another way to solve this problem is to identify , promote and locate industries and services in the semi-rural areas where a large number of people maybe employed.Example:many farmers grow arhar &chickpea for them a dall-mill to procure and process these & sell in the cities;opening a cold storage will give an opportunity to thefarmers to store their produce like potato &onion and sell them price is good; villagers near forests can start with honey collectionect.
5.To improve health situation we need health centres, hospitals & for that doctors, nurses, workers.
6. Similarly to provide education to all children we would need lot of schools which can also generate employment.
7.Tourism:every state or region has the potential for increasing the income and employment for people in that area.This can also be done by promoting tourism or regional craft industry.
8.News services like IT are also creating jobs.
All these are the long term projects but govt also has certain short term projects for people as:NREGA-2005.
NREGA—2005
--National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
--started by the Central govt.
-- made a law implementing Right to work in 200 districts of India.
--all those who are in need of work will get guaranteed 100 days work and if the govt. fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to them
--the work will of the type which will in future help to increase the production from land.
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
In order to understand the functioning of any economy, we need to study various sectors that it comprise. All around us we find people engaged in different types of activites.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC SECTORS:
The classifications are based on
1.Nature of activity being performed.—Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
2.Working conditions of the workers—Organised & unorganized.
3.Who own the assets/ on the ownership basis.—Public & Private
PRIMARY SECTOR: 1.Activites undertaken by directly using natural resources.
2. Example—Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy etc.
3.It is called primary sector because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
4. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, forestry, fishing it is also called Agriculture and related sector.
SECONDARY SECTOR:
It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
2. it is a next step after primary, where the product is not produced by nature but has to be made.
Some process of manufacturing is essential, it could be in a factory, a workshop or at home.
3. Example: Using cotton fibre from plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth; using sugarcane as a raw material we make sugar or gur; we convert earth into bricks.
Since this sector is associated with different kinds of industries, it is also called industrial sector.
TERTIARY SECTOR:
1.These are the activities that help in the development of the primary & secondary sector.
2. These activities by themselves do not produce good but they are an aid and support to the production process.
3.Example: a)Transportation--Goods that are produced in the primary sector need to be transported by trucks or trains and than sold in the wholesale and retail shops;
b) Storage--at times it is necessary to store these products in godowns,which is also a service made available.
c)Communication --talking to others on telephone);
d) Banking--borrowing money from the banks.
4.Since these activities are generate services rather than goods it is also called Service sector.
Q. How do we count the various goods and services and know the total production in each sector?
As thousands of goods and services are produced, it is an enormous task to add up all these.
To get to this problem economists suggested that the value of goods and services should be used rather than adding the actual numbers. But only one precaution is to be undertaken ie., only final value of the goods and services should be counted as it already includes the value of all intermediate goods.
GDP— The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And sum of production in three sectors give Gross Domestic Production—GDP of the country.
--It is the value of all final goods and services produced within the country during a particular year.
--GDP shows how big the economy is.
Q. Who measures the GDP in India?
This mammoth(huge) task in India is carried on by the Central government ministry , with the help of various govt. Departments of Indian states and union territories.
The information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices is collected and then estimates the GDP.
Historical change in the sectors: three stages.
INITIAL STAGE:
After observing the changes that have come in the development patterns of the sectors, it has been found that
- in the Initial stages of the development the Primary Sector was the most important sector of economic activity.
-As the methods of farming changed and agricultural sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before and many people could takeup many other activities which led to the increase in number of activities.
-However at this stage most of the goods produced were natural products from the primary sector, hence most people were employed in this sector.
SECOND STAGE:
-Over a long time(more than hundred years or so) because new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding.
-People began to work in factories in large numbers, and also people started using factory goods in large numbers as they were cheap.
-Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment. There was a shift and the importance of the sectors also changed.
THIRD STAGE:
In past hundred, there has been a further shift from Secondary to Tertiary sector in the developed countries.
-The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.Most of working people are also employed in the service sector.
Q. What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?(book question)
It indicates that both secondary and tertiary sectors are developing and are becoming major contributors of the GDP.
-This shift has come up with the improvement in the agricultural sector, people now had more time for other activities and the number of craft persons, traders (SECONDARY) increased and also buying and selling activities also increased .Now there were many transporters, administrators, army etc.(TERTIARY)
Rising importance of tertiary sector in production:
Over thiry years between 1973 and 2003, production in the tertiary sector has increased the most, and it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.
Q. Why the Tertiary sector is becoming so important in India?
There are several reasons to it:
1. In any country several services such as hospitals , educational institutions, post and telegragh services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies etc. are required.
These services are called the’ Basic services.’ In the developing countries the government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services.
2. The development of the agriculture and industrial leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage and the like. Greater the development of primary and secondary sectors more will be demand of such services.
3. As the income level rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping , private hospitals, professional training etc. This is found especially in the big cities.
4. Over the past decade or so certain new services such as those based on the information and communication technology have become important & essential.
INDIAN SECTORIAL GROWTH:
It is a remarkable fact that while there has been a change in the share of three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.
--Service sector in India employs many different kinds of people—at one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled workers and on the other end there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transporters etc. Hence only a part of sector is growing in importance.
-- More than half of the workers in the country are working in primary sector, mainly in the agricultural, producing only a quarter of GDP. In contrast to this secondary and tertiary sector are producing three-fourth of the produce whereas they employ less than half the people.
Q. WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED? WHY?
The primary sector employs the largest number of people in India.
--It is because not enough jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
Q. Even though primary sector employs largest number of people yet its share in GDP is less. Why?
--More than half of the workers in the country are working in primary sector, mainly in the agricultural, producing only a quarter of GDP. In contrast to this secondary and tertiary sector are producing three-fourth of the produce whereas they employ less than half the people.
--This also means that there are in agriculture more people than necessary and even if we move a few people out, production will not be effected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector are under-employed.
UNDER-EMPLOYMENT:
It is a situation, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
--if few people move out , it will not effect the production.
--it is hidden in contrast to the open unemployment where a person is clearly or visibly without job.
--it is also called disused unemployment.
--this underemployment also happens in the other sectors for example there are thousands of casual workers in service sector in the urban areas as painters, plumbers, repair persons etc.
HOW CAN WE CREATE EMPLOYMENT?
There are various ways in which govt. can create employment opportunities as…
1.The govt. can spend some money or banks can provide loans to construct well ect. Which will reduce the dependency of farmers on rains, and they will be able to grow two crops a year.
2.Construction of Dams and Canals can lead to lot of generation of employment in agricultural sector itself.
3.If govt. invests some money on transportation and storage of crops or makes better rural roads, it can provide productive employment not just to farmers but alsoto other who are in services like transport or trade.
4. If local banks give credits at reasonable rates to the small and marginal farmers ,they will be able to buy necessary inputs for their crops in time.
5.Another way to solve this problem is to identify , promote and locate industries and services in the semi-rural areas where a large number of people maybe employed.Example:many farmers grow arhar &chickpea for them a dall-mill to procure and process these & sell in the cities;opening a cold storage will give an opportunity to thefarmers to store their produce like potato &onion and sell them price is good; villagers near forests can start with honey collectionect.
5.To improve health situation we need health centres, hospitals & for that doctors, nurses, workers.
6. Similarly to provide education to all children we would need lot of schools which can also generate employment.
7.Tourism:every state or region has the potential for increasing the income and employment for people in that area.This can also be done by promoting tourism or regional craft industry.
8.News services like IT are also creating jobs.
All these are the long term projects but govt also has certain short term projects for people as:NREGA-2005.
NREGA—2005
--National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
--started by the Central govt.
-- made a law implementing Right to work in 200 districts of India.
--all those who are in need of work will get guaranteed 100 days work and if the govt. fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to them
--the work will of the type which will in future help to increase the production from land.
Monday, July 14, 2008
DEVELOPMENT--CHAPTER - 1--ECONOMICS
Q. What is development?
A. It means progress. It has many aspects. Different people have prespectives on development.
Q. Why do different people have different notions of development?
A. Different people have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different and therefore their aspirations and desires and goals.
Q. Do the statements mean the same? Give examples to prove.
a)people have different development goals.
b)people have conflicting development goals.
No the two statements differ.
a) People have different development goals means that since people come from different situations therefore their development goals differ as an urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job,promotions ect. And on the other hand a rural unemployed would want better job oppurtunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour.
b) People have conflicting goals means that development for one may not be development for the other .Their goals may clash.
For example-1. industrialist may want more dams for electricity but this may submerge the land disrupt lives of the people who are displaced-such as tribals, who may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their lands.
2.Landless rural labourers want more days of work &better wages;schools for quality education;no social discrimination and politcal participation whereas the Prosperous farmer wopuld want assured high family income through high support prices for their crops and hard working and cheap labour.
Here if the labour wants high wages and the farmer wands cheap labour their goals clash and are conflicting.
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OS STATES?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
--Countries with higher income are more developed than the countries with less income.It means that higher income means more of all things that human beings need.
Q. Why do we take average income to compare two countries?
Since countries have different populations comparing total income doesnot tell us what an average person is likely to earn, hence we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
It is also called per capita income.
Q. What criterion is being used by the World Bank as per World Development Report 2006, in classifying the countries?
--World Bank says that countries with the per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with the per capita income of Rs 37,000 or less are called low-income countries.
--India comes in the categoery of low income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just Rs. 28000 per annum.
--Rich countries excluding the countries of Middle-East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries.
Q. What does this table show?
A- In this Punjab has the higest per capita income and Bihar is at the bottom. If per capita income is used as the measure of development, Punjab Punjab is the most developed and Bihar is the least developed state.
SOME NEW TERMS:
IMR-Infant mortality rate-it indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that year.
LITERACY RATE-measures the proportion of literate population in 7 and above years of age.
NET ATTENDENCE RATIO- is the total number of children of the age group of 6-10 attending school as a % of total number of children in the same age group.
Q What does this table show?
--The first column of the table show that in Kerala out of 1000 children born alive 11 died before completing one year of the age but in Punjab the proportion of the children dying within ne year of the birth is 49, which is nearly 5 times more.
--also per capita income of Punjab is much more than Kerala.
--The last column shows that more than half of the children donot go school.
Q. How is it that the average person in Punjab has more income than in Kerala but lags behind in other crucial areas?
A. The reason is that money cannot buy all the goods ans srevices that we need to live a healthy and happy life. Therefore income by initself is not the only adequate indicator of the material goods & services that citizens are able to use.
Q. Why does Kerala has low infant Mortality rate?
It is because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Which has resulted in better health and nutritional status of the people.
BMI-BODY MASS INDEX
How is calculated?
Take the weight of a person in Kg and then take the height in metres. Divide the weight by square of height, if this figure is less than 18.5 then the person is undernourished and if it is more than 25 than the person is overweight.
--this is though not applicable to the growing children.
Human development report:(published by UNDP)
According to the HDR health and education are the indicators of the development besides food, clothes and shelter.
--HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT:
It means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations too.
Q. "The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to meet the greed of one". How is the statement relevant to the discussion of the development?
A. this means that there are enough resources to meet the needs of all if they are used judiciously and not over exploited by a few,& depriving the others who need them.
--Over exploitation of resources has led to their depletion.
--Some resources are non-renewable, can not be replenished and will soon get exhausted.
--Therefore with the greed of a few developed and rich countries the other coutries are bound to suffer a shortage of resources.
A. It means progress. It has many aspects. Different people have prespectives on development.
Q. Why do different people have different notions of development?
A. Different people have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different and therefore their aspirations and desires and goals.
Q. Do the statements mean the same? Give examples to prove.
a)people have different development goals.
b)people have conflicting development goals.
No the two statements differ.
a) People have different development goals means that since people come from different situations therefore their development goals differ as an urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job,promotions ect. And on the other hand a rural unemployed would want better job oppurtunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour.
b) People have conflicting goals means that development for one may not be development for the other .Their goals may clash.
For example-1. industrialist may want more dams for electricity but this may submerge the land disrupt lives of the people who are displaced-such as tribals, who may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their lands.
2.Landless rural labourers want more days of work &better wages;schools for quality education;no social discrimination and politcal participation whereas the Prosperous farmer wopuld want assured high family income through high support prices for their crops and hard working and cheap labour.
Here if the labour wants high wages and the farmer wands cheap labour their goals clash and are conflicting.
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OS STATES?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
--Countries with higher income are more developed than the countries with less income.It means that higher income means more of all things that human beings need.
Q. Why do we take average income to compare two countries?
Since countries have different populations comparing total income doesnot tell us what an average person is likely to earn, hence we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
It is also called per capita income.
Q. What criterion is being used by the World Bank as per World Development Report 2006, in classifying the countries?
--World Bank says that countries with the per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with the per capita income of Rs 37,000 or less are called low-income countries.
--India comes in the categoery of low income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just Rs. 28000 per annum.
--Rich countries excluding the countries of Middle-East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries.
Q. What does this table show?
A- In this Punjab has the higest per capita income and Bihar is at the bottom. If per capita income is used as the measure of development, Punjab Punjab is the most developed and Bihar is the least developed state.
SOME NEW TERMS:
IMR-Infant mortality rate-it indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that year.
LITERACY RATE-measures the proportion of literate population in 7 and above years of age.
NET ATTENDENCE RATIO- is the total number of children of the age group of 6-10 attending school as a % of total number of children in the same age group.
Q What does this table show?
--The first column of the table show that in Kerala out of 1000 children born alive 11 died before completing one year of the age but in Punjab the proportion of the children dying within ne year of the birth is 49, which is nearly 5 times more.
--also per capita income of Punjab is much more than Kerala.
--The last column shows that more than half of the children donot go school.
Q. How is it that the average person in Punjab has more income than in Kerala but lags behind in other crucial areas?
A. The reason is that money cannot buy all the goods ans srevices that we need to live a healthy and happy life. Therefore income by initself is not the only adequate indicator of the material goods & services that citizens are able to use.
Q. Why does Kerala has low infant Mortality rate?
It is because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Which has resulted in better health and nutritional status of the people.
BMI-BODY MASS INDEX
How is calculated?
Take the weight of a person in Kg and then take the height in metres. Divide the weight by square of height, if this figure is less than 18.5 then the person is undernourished and if it is more than 25 than the person is overweight.
--this is though not applicable to the growing children.
Human development report:(published by UNDP)
According to the HDR health and education are the indicators of the development besides food, clothes and shelter.
--HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT:
It means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations too.
Q. "The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to meet the greed of one". How is the statement relevant to the discussion of the development?
A. this means that there are enough resources to meet the needs of all if they are used judiciously and not over exploited by a few,& depriving the others who need them.
--Over exploitation of resources has led to their depletion.
--Some resources are non-renewable, can not be replenished and will soon get exhausted.
--Therefore with the greed of a few developed and rich countries the other coutries are bound to suffer a shortage of resources.
Tuesday, May 20, 2008
ASSIGNMENT ON WATER RESOURCES
ASSIGNMENT:
1.Why is Earth called watery planet?
2.What do you mean by water scarcity and what are its causes?
3.Is it possible that an area or a region has ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity?Give examples to prove your answer.
4.Why do we need to conserve & manage water?
5.What do you mean by a dam or a multipurpose project? Give examples .
6.List four ancient hydraullic structures of India.
7.In the recent years muliti-purpose projects have come under great scrutiny and opposition for variety of reasons.What are these reasons?
8.What do you know about 'Narmada Bachao Andolan' and' Tehri Dam Andolan'?
9.What is rooftop rain harvesting?How it is being practised in different parts of India?
10.Write a short note on Tanks or Tankas used for storing water.
11.How is water harvested in Shilong, Meghalaya?
12.Name the state where rain water harvesting structures are compulsory?
13.Compare advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose projects.
14.Discuss how rain-water harvesting in semi arid regions of Rajasthan are carried on?
15.Write a short note on Bamboo drip irrigation system.
16. How has Gendathur, a village in Mysore in Karnataka has come into prominence?
1.Why is Earth called watery planet?
2.What do you mean by water scarcity and what are its causes?
3.Is it possible that an area or a region has ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity?Give examples to prove your answer.
4.Why do we need to conserve & manage water?
5.What do you mean by a dam or a multipurpose project? Give examples .
6.List four ancient hydraullic structures of India.
7.In the recent years muliti-purpose projects have come under great scrutiny and opposition for variety of reasons.What are these reasons?
8.What do you know about 'Narmada Bachao Andolan' and' Tehri Dam Andolan'?
9.What is rooftop rain harvesting?How it is being practised in different parts of India?
10.Write a short note on Tanks or Tankas used for storing water.
11.How is water harvested in Shilong, Meghalaya?
12.Name the state where rain water harvesting structures are compulsory?
13.Compare advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose projects.
14.Discuss how rain-water harvesting in semi arid regions of Rajasthan are carried on?
15.Write a short note on Bamboo drip irrigation system.
16. How has Gendathur, a village in Mysore in Karnataka has come into prominence?
Friday, May 9, 2008
WATER RESOURCES--CH-3-GEOGRAPHY
WATER RESOURCESS
SOME FACTS:
Earth is watery planet.
--96.5 percent of the total volume of world,s water is existing in the oceans and only 2.5% is fresh water.
--Nearly 70% of this fresh water is in the form of glaciers, while little less than 30% is stored as ground water in water acquifers.
--India receives nearly 4% of global precipitation and ranks 133 in the world in terms of water availablity per person per annum.
--3/4 of earth,s surface is covered with water, but only small portion of its fresh water can be put to use.
--Fresh water is mainly obtained from surface run-off and ground water and is being continually renewed & recharged through hydrological cycle.
Q..If ¾ of world is covered with water & water is renewable resource, then why do countries of the world suffer from water scarcity?
The availibilty of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation, but water scarcity is mainly caused due to
–Over exploitation
–Excessive use
–Unequal acess of water among different social groups.
–It can be the outcome of the large growing population and consequent greater demands for water.(for domestic use and for production of food.)
–Ever increasing number of industries exert pressure on existing freshwater resources. As these industries require power to run tem and much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power(approx.22% of the total energy produced.)
–Urbanisation and urban lifestyles require added water and energy resources which has further aggravated the problem.
–This scarcity is also due to the bad quality of water, which is due to domestic and industrial wastes
MULTI PURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
These were launched after the independence with their integrated waer resources management approach.These were thought of as the vehicle that would to national development and progress.
Jawhar lal Nehru called them to be the ‘Temples of modern India’, as it would integrate the development of agriculture and village economy with rapid industrialisation and the growth of the urban economy.
Q.What are Dams and how do they help us?
A. A Dam is a barrier buitl across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
Today Dams are built for: irrigation, generation of electricity,flood control, recreation inland navigation and fish breeding.
Example--Bhakara dam,(on sutluj-Beas ), Hira kund on the Mahanadi river.
Q. Why in the recent years multi-purpose projects and the dams are under great scrunity and opposition?
A. There are variety of reasons for this, which are as follows:
1.regulating and damming of rivers affect the flow and excessive sedimentation of at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers acquatic life.
2.dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
3. the reservoirs that are created on the flood plains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
4. resistance to these projects , recently has also been due to the displacement of local communities.People have to give up their livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater good of the nation.
5.dams have transformed the social landscape i.e increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and landless poor. As in Gujrat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated and almogst caused a roit over the higher priority given to water supply in the urban areas, particularly during the droughts.
6. Inter-state disputes have also become common with regard to the sharing the cost and benefits of the multi-purpose project.
7.The objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purpose for which they were built.
as these pojects were built to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir, moreover the big dams are extremely unsucessful in the times of excessive rainfall(in 2006 the release of water from dams during the floods aggravated the flood situation )
--sedimentation also meant that the folld plains were deprived of the silt, natural fertiliser, further adding on to the problem of the land degradation.
8. multipurpose projects also induce earthquakes, cause waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN--OR SAVE NARMADA MOVEMENT.
--It is a non-governmental organisation that mobolised tribal people,farmers, environmentalist and humanrigts activitists against the sardar-sarovar dam being built caross Narmada in Gujrat. --It orginally focussed on environmental issues related to trees that would be submereged under the dam water.
--recently it has re- focussed the aim to enable poor citizens, especially outees(displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Disadvantages and rising resistance against the multipurpose projects, have diverted us to the water harvesting system as the viable solution, both socially , economically and environmentally. 1. In hills and mountainous regions people built diversion channels like 'guls' and'kuls' of the western Himalayas for agriculture.
2.Roof top rainwater harvesting was earlier commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
3. In flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
RAJASTHAN
4. In the arid and semi arid regions , agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structurs that allowed water to stand and moisten the soil like 'khadins' in Jaisalmer and Johads in the other parts of Rajasthan.
5.In the arid and semi arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
--they could be as large as a big room.
--they are a part of well developed rooftop water harvesting system, built inside main house or courtyard.
-- they are connected to the sloping roof of the houses through the pipe.Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground 'tankas' .
--the first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes.
--it is a extremely reliable source of drinking water when all othersources of water are dried up, particularly in summers.
--'Palar pani" or the rain water is the purest form of natural water. Many house constructed undergroung rooms adjoining the tanka to beat the csummer heat as it is would keep the room cool.
Today in Rajasthan sadly this practice is on decline as plenty of water is available due to perennial Rajasthan canal.
ROOF TOP WATER HARVESTING IN SHILONG,MEGHALAYA
It is a most common practice in Shilong and is also very interesting because Cherapunji & Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55km from Shilong receive higest rainfall in the world yet the state capital Shilong faces acute shortage of water.
--nearly every household in the city has rooftop water harvesting structure.
--nearly 15-25%of total water requirement of the house hold comes from the rooftop water harvesting.
--BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN MEGHALAYA
In Meghalaya, a 200 year old system of tapping stream & spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent.
--over 18-20 litres of water enters the pipe system and gets transported over hundreds of metres.
EXAMPLES—
Today in many parts of rural and urban Indiarooftop water harvesting is sucessfully adapted to store and conserve water
1. TAMIL NADU—is the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the stste. There are leagle provisions to punish the defaulters.
.
2. KARNATAKA: In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers have installed in their houses rooftop waterharvesting system to meet their water needs.Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned a distinction of being rich in rain water resources.
--HYDRAULLIC STRUCTURES OF ANCIENT INDIA
Archaeological & historical records show that from anicient times we have been construct1.ing structures like dams built of stone rubble,reserveoirs or lakes, embankments or rivers for irrigation. Some of them are as follows.
1.In the 1st century B.C, Sringaverapura near Allhabad had sophisticated water harvesting system challening the flood water of river Ganga.
2.During the times of Chandragupta Maurya, dams , lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
3.Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga(orrisa)Nagarjunkonda(Andhra Prades), Bennur(Karnataka), Kolapur (Maharashtra) etc.
4.In the 11th the Bhopal lake one of the largest artificial was built.
5.In the 14th the tank in Haus-khas, Delhi was built by Illtutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.
Sunday, April 13, 2008
A MESSAGE TO ALL NEW X CLASS STUDENTS
Dear students
I welcome you all to my bolg!
Hope you all will find this blog intresting and you will make maximum use of it.
For your information notes of history--chapter-3(Nationalism in India) are on Ms. Saini's blog and its assignment is on my blog.
On my blog on the right side you will find both Ms. Saini's blog link as well as assingnments (when you will scroll down).
Make maximum use of the blog and do comment if you need to, as it will serve as a feedback for me, but please do send related comments only.
I welcome you all to my bolg!
Hope you all will find this blog intresting and you will make maximum use of it.
For your information notes of history--chapter-3(Nationalism in India) are on Ms. Saini's blog and its assignment is on my blog.
On my blog on the right side you will find both Ms. Saini's blog link as well as assingnments (when you will scroll down).
Make maximum use of the blog and do comment if you need to, as it will serve as a feedback for me, but please do send related comments only.
Friday, February 29, 2008
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS--24-29 FEB 08
DEAR STUDENTS I WISH YOU ALL A VERY BEST OF LUCK FOR THE EXAMS!
MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL WITH VERY GOOD MARKS.
MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL WITH VERY GOOD MARKS.
Dear Anisha, all the best for yuor exams &here is the answer to your queries.
GERMAN UNIFICATION:--1. Nationalist feeling was widespread among Germans, who tried to topple monarchy in 1848. This feeling was suppressed by the Monarch, army and landlords (called Junkers ) in Prussia. Since then Prussia took leadership in the movement for national unification.2. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, as he believed in the policy of Blood and Iron.3.. He took the help of army and Bureaucracy to form German nation.6. Three wars were fought for about 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France and it ended in Prussian victory.4.. In January 1871 an assembly of representatives of army, princes of German states, Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles to proclaim new German state. The new nation laid emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicious systems of Germany.
CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1.After the defeat of Napoleon, European powers--- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna.The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.2.The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power and France had lost all the territories it had occupied under Napoleon.3.Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont, an Italian empire.4.But the German confederation of 39 stated that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.5.In the east, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.The main intention behind all this was to restore monarchies, a new conservative order in Europe.
--Yes Pages 147, 139, 65, 15 of history are to be done. Questions have been framed on them . Do them as short notes.
India’s first movie— 1896. RAJA HARISHCHANDRA, by Dada saheb Palke.
ROMANSHA---
Association formed by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar---DEPRESSED CLASSES ASSOCIATION—1930.
Choice in the maps is not necessary.
Please do learn names of regional parties and how are they formed.
SHALINI
CHAPTER-2 of pol.sc.—federalism.
Definition, feature—pg.15 any four.
Difference bet. Coming and holding fed—pg-15.
Q.what makes Indian federal/ power distribution.—3 lists, pg-16,17
Q how can we change power sharing arrangement—pg-17.
Coalition govt.—changing trends—pg-20.
Decentralization-1992—4-5 points-pg-24.
Rural local govt. &MCD-pg-25.
OUT COMES OF DEMOCRACY
TOPICS—QUESTIONS
Q. How do we asses democracy’s outcomes?i.e how effective it is?/ how it has proved to be beneficial?
How is democratic govt. better than the other govts.
ANS---It is accounatable, responsive & legitimate.—explain.
2. we judge it through the economic growth and development—compare the ecomomic growth of democratic countries with that of the dictators.-pg-93.
3.democracy is good if it reduces inequality and poverty.
4. democracy should produce harmonious social life—reduces tensions & negotiate differences.
5.promotes dignity & freedom of citizens.
Q. EXPECTATIONS FROM DEMOCRACY—pg-98, right side.
PRINT CULTURE---QUESTIONS.
1.Where did earliest kind of print technology developed?
2.Define Calligraphy, vellum
3.what was the use of printing press in China?
4.write about Dimond sutra.
5.How did paper reach Chima?
6. ‘production of hand written manuscripts could not satisfy ever increasing demands of the people’ Why?—(page—156, 3 para.)
7.Note on Gutenberg’s printing press.
8.Impact of print revulotion—4 marks.
Ans---a)new reading public.
b)impact on religion-debates & fear of print culture.
c)reading mania-reading culture.
d)print & tyrants(despotic rulers)
9.’Earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being’. Explain the statement. OR
‘Oral culture thus entered print & printed material’ Explain
10.Impact of print cultire on French revolution.
11.Print and children, women & workers.( pg—165, only points.)
12. Names of books & writers on .( page—168—175)
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