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Sample paper-cbse- SA-11-2012

2012-02-13T09:59:00.001+05:30

SOCIAL SCIENCE
Class-X
Summative Assessment-II
March 2012
List of Map Items for Examination
A. History
Chapter 3 : Nationalism in India - (1918-1930)
(i) For locating and labelling/Identification on Outline Political Map of India
1. Indian National Congress Session : Calcutta (Sep. 1920), Nagpur (Dec. 1920), Madras (1927)
and Lahore (1929).
2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement
(Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)
(i) Champaran (Bihar) : Movement of Indigo Planters
(ii) Kheda (Gujarat) : Peasant Satyagraha
(iii) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) : Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
(iv) Amritsar (Punjab) : Jallianwala Bagh incident.
(v) Chauri Chaura (UP) : calling off the NCM.
(vi) Bardoli (Gujarat) : no tax campaign.
(vii) Dandi (Gujarat) : Civil Disobedience Movement.
B. Geography
Chapter 5 : Mineral and Energy Resources
Minerals : (Identification only)
(i) Iron ore mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary and Kudremukh.
(ii) Mica mines : Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya and Hazaribagh.
(iii) Coal mines : Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni and Neyveli
(iv) Oil Fields : Digbi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol and Ankaleshwar.
Power Plants : (Locating and Labelling only)
(a) Thermal : Namrup, Talcher, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam, Vijaywada andTuticorin.
(b) Nuclear : Narora, Rawat Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga and Kalpakkam.
Chapter 6 : Manufacturing Industries
For Locating and Labelling Only
(i) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatoreand Madurai.
(ii) Woollen Industry : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur and Jamnagar.
(iii) Silk Industry : Anantnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad and Mysore.
(iv) Iron and Steel Plants : Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bhilai,Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, and Salem.
(v) Software Technology Parks : Mohali, Noida, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai,
Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore,Chennai and Thiruvanantapuram.
Chapter 7 : Lifelines of National Economy
Identification Only :Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor and East-West Corridor
National Highways : NH-1, NH-2 and NH-7
Location and Labelling :
(i) Major Ports : Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore,Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia and Kolkata.
(ii) International Airports : Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International);
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanatapuram (Nedimbacherry) ; Chennai (Meenam Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) and Hyderabad
Note : Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification.131
Blue Print - MARCH-2012
SOCIAL SCIENCE (Class X)
Sample Question Paper
Summative Assessment II
Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 80
General Instructions :
1. The question paper has 36 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. Questions from serial number 1-16 are multiple choice Questions (MCQs) of 1 mark each.
Every MCQ is provided with four alternatives. Write the correct or the most oppropriatealternative in your answer book.
4. Questions from serial number 17 to 29 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each
5. Questions from serial number 30 to 34 are 4 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 100 words each
6. Question number 35 is a map question of 2 marks from History and Question number 36 isa map question of 3 marks from Geography.
1. Which one of the following is not true regarding the conservative regimes set up in 1815?
(a) They did not tolerate criticism regarding the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
(b) Most of them imposed censorship on press.
(c) They believed in the established traditional institutions like Monarchy Church etc.
(d) They favoured the idea of liberty and freedom. 1
OR
Why did the ‘Go East Movement’ become popular in Vietnam during the first decade of 20th Century?
(a) Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire education.
(b) They went to Japan to learn Japanese language.133
(c) They went to get lucrative jobs.
(d) They looked for foreign arms and helped to drive away the French from Vietnam. 1
2. Which one of the following is not true regarding the ‘Balkan Problem’?
(a) The Balkan states were very jealous of each other.
(b) Each state wanted to gain more territory at the expense of others.
(c) The Balkans was also the scene of big power rivalry.
(d) The Balkans was not under the control of Ottoman Empire. 1
OR
Which one of the following is not true regarding the regime of Ngo-Dinh-Diem in
South Vietnam?
(a) He built a repressive and authoritarian government.
(b) He laid the foundation of a democratic form of government.
(c) Any one who opposed him was jailed and killed.
(d) He permitted christianity but outlawed Buddhism. 1
3. Why did General Dyer open fire on the peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh on 13th April, 1919?
(a) General Dyer wanted to enforce martial law very strictly in Amritsar.
(b) He wanted to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis.
(c) He wanted to demoralise the local congress leaders.
(d) He wanted to gain prominence in the eyes of British government. 1
4. Why did Gandhiji begin fast unto death when Dr. B.R. Ambedkar demanded separate electorate for Dalits?
(a) Separate electorates would create division in the society.
(b) Separate electorates would slow down the process of integration into society.
(c) With separate electorates, Dalits would gain respect in society.
(d) The condition of dalits would become better. 1
5. Which one of the following minerals belongs to the category of ferrous mineral?
(a) Gold (b) Copper
(c) Manganese (d) Bauxite 1
6. Which one of the following states is the largest producer of bauxite in India?
(a) Orissa (b) Gujarat
(c) Jharkhand (d) Maharashtra 1
7. Which one of the following factors plays the most dominant role in industrial location in a region?
(a) Availability of raw material
(b) Cheap and skilled labour
(c) Nearness of the market
(d) Least Cost. 1
8. Which one of the following groups of cities is connected by the National Highway No. 7.
(a) Delhi- Amritsar (b) Delhi- Kolkata
(c) Delhi- Mumbai (d) Varanasi- Kanyakumari
9. Identify the element which is NOT shared both by the movement in Nepal and the struggle in Bolivia.
(a) A political conflict that led to popular struggle.
(b) The struggle involved mass mobilisation
(c) It was about the foundations of the country’s politics.
(d) It involved critical role of political organisation. 1
10. Which one of the following political parties grew out of a movement?
(a) Communist Party of India. (b) Asom Gana Parishad.
(c) All India Congress (d) Bahujan Samaj Party 1
11. Which one of the following is NOT a function of political parties?
(a) Parties contest elections
(b) Parties do not shape public opinion
(c) Parties put forward different policies and programmes
(d) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country. 1
12. Which one of following statements does not reflect the right impact of ‘the Right to Information Act’?
(a) It supplements the existing laws that banned corruption
(b) It empowers the people to find out what is happening in the government.
(c) It enables the people to become law abiding good citizens.
(d) It acts as a watch dog of democracy. 1
13. Which among the following is an essential feature of barter system?135
(a) A person holding money can easily exchange any commodity.
(b) It is based on double coincidence of wants.
(c) It is generally accepted as a medium of exchange of goods with money.
(d) It acts as a measure and store of value. 1
14. Which one of the following is a major reason that prevents the poor from getting loans from the banks?
(a) Lack of capital
(b) Not affordable due to high rate of interest
(c) Absence of collatoral security
(d) Absence of mediators 1
15. Which one of the following is a basic function of foreign trade?
(a) It flourishes trade in the domestic market
(b) Goods and services are produced for internal market
(c) It gives opportunity for the production to reach beyond the domestic market.
(d) Investment is done to expand the trade within the domestic markets. 1
16. Right to Information Act ensures its citizens to get all information of which one of the following? :
(a) About the Public Schools
(b) About the functions of government departments
(c) About all the technological institions
(d) About all private organisations and institutions 1
17. Explain any three reasons for the Greeks to win the Greek war of independence. 3x1=1
OR
Explain any three features of scholars revolt in 1868 in Vietnam. 3x1=3
18. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? Explain giving three reasons. 3x1=3
19. What is the importance of energy resources? Give two examples each of conventional and non-conventional sources of energy. 1+1+1=3
20. Why is manufacturing sector considered the backbone of economic development of the country? Explain any three reasons with examples. 3x1=3136
21. Explain any three factors which are responsible for localisation of jute textile mills mainly along the banks of the Hugli river. 3x1=3
22. How do the pressure groups and movements exert their influence on politics? Explain any three ways to do so. 3x1=3
23. Do democracies lead to a just distribution of goods and opportunities? Justify your answer by three suitable arguments. 3x1=3
24. “Most destructive feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over.” Support the statement with three appropriate arguments. 3x1=3
25. Suggest any three broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India. 3x1=3
26. Describe any three factors which have enabled globalisation in India. 3x1=3
27. Explain any three features of MNCs. 3x1=1
28. Explain any three ways in which a consumer is exploited. 3x1=3
29. Explain any three consumer’s rights as user of goods and services. 3x1=3
30. Explain any four measures and practices introduced by revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity amongst the French people. 4x1=4
OR
Who was the founder of Hoa Hao movement? Explain his contribution by giving any three points. 1+3=4
31. Explain any four features of Civil Disobedience movement of 1930. 4x1=4
32. How do physiographic and Economic factors influence the distribution pattern of railway network in our country? Explain with examples. 2+2=4
33. Why can’t modern democracies exist without political parties? Explain any four reasons. 4x1=4
34. Which are the two groups of various sources of credit in India?
Write any three features of each group. 1+3=3
35. Two features (A) and (B) are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify thesefeatures with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines marked in the map:
(A) The place from where the movement of Indigo planters was started.
(B) The place where Indian National Congress Session 1927 was held. 2x1=2137
(B) OR
Locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols on the same map.
(i) Kheda - The place of Peasant Satyagrah
(ii) Chauri Chaura - The centre of calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement. 2x1=2
Note : The following questions are for the BLIND CANDIDATES Only, in lieu of Q.No. 35
Map for Question
No. 35 and 35 (OR)
(A)138
(35.1) Name the place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.
(35.2) At which place the movement of Indigo planters was started? 2x1=2
36. Three features - (A), (B) and (C) are marked in the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the
lines marked in the map:
(A) Iron-Ore Field
(B) Silk Textile Centre
(C) The Terminal Station of East-West Corridor. 3x1=3
OR
Locate and label the following items on the same map with appropriate symbols:
(i) Narora - Nuclear Power Plant
(ii) Surat - Textile Centre.
(iii) Paradip - Sea Port. 3x1=3
Note : The following questions are for the BLIND CANDIDATES only, in lieu of Q. No. 36.
(36.1) Name the eastern terminal station of East - West Corridor.
(36.2) In which state is Narora Nuclear Power Plant located?
(36.3) Write the name of the state in which Paradip sea port is located. 3x1=3
(C)
(A)
(B)
Map for Question
No. 36 and 36 (OR)140
Social Science
Marking Scheme
Class X
1. (d) or (d) 1
2. (d) or (b) 1
3. (b) 1
4. (b) 1
5. (c) 1
6. (a) 1
7. (d) 1
8. (d) 1
9. (c) 1
10. (b) 1
11. (b) 1
12. (c) 1
13. (b) 1
14. (c) 1
15. (c) 1
16. (b) 1
17. Reasons for winning the war :
(1) The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked of a struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks.
(2) Nationalism in Greece got the support from other Greeks living in exile.
(3) West Europeans had sympathies for ancient Greek Culture.
(4) Poets & artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation & mobilized public spirit in support of Greek struggle against a Muslim empire.
(5) The English poet, Lord Byron organised funds and went to fight in the war.
(6) The treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent state.
(7) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained). 3x1=3
OR
Scholars Revolt :
(1) Scholars Revolt was an early movement against French control and spread of
christianity.141
(2) This revolt was led by the officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism and French power.
(3) They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where thousands of
Catholics were killed.
(4) This movement served to inspire other patriots to rise against the French.
(Any three points to be explained). 3x1=3
18. Spread of Non Cooperation Movement:
(1) The peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
(2) The peasants demanded reduction of land revenue and abolition of begar.
(3) The tenents had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted from land.
(4) In Awadh Baba Ramchandra led the movement.
(5) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained). 3x1=3
19. Importance of energy resources :
(1) It is required for all activities
(2) It is needed to cook, to provide light and heat.
(3) It is highly required for transport and communication
(4) Industries are closely related to energy
(Any two) 2 x 12 =1mark
Conventional sources: Firewood, cattle dung, coal, petroleum, gas etc.
(Any two) 2 x12=1mark
Non-Conventional Sources : Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.
(Any two) 2 x12= 1mark
20. (1) Manufacturing sector helps in modernising agriculture.
(2) It also reduces the heavy dependence of people on agriculture.
(3) It provides jobs to the large number of people.
(4) It reduces poverty from the country.
(6) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(7) Export brings foreign exchange.142
(8) Transformation of raw material into a wide variety of furnished goods also provides higher cost.
(Explanation of any three points with examples). 3x1=3
21. Factors responsible for location of Jute textiles.
(1) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(2) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways.
(3) Abundance of water for processing raw jute.
(4) Cheap labour is available from West-Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Utter Pradesh.
(5) Kolkata port provides facilities for export of jute goods.
(6) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained). 3x1=3
22. Ways to influence politics
(1) They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals.
(2) They often organise protest activities.
(3) They employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements.
(4) Some of the pressure groups are either formed by leaders of political parties or led by them.
(Any three points to be explained). 3x1=3
23. In actual life, we find that democracy does not lead to just distribution of goods andopportunities.
Arguments:
(1) Although individuals have political equality, we find growing economic inequalities.
(2) A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate show of wealth and incomes.
(3) The income of those at the bottom of the society is declining so much so that it becomes difficult to meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, housing etc.
(4) Although the poor constitute a large proportion of voters, yet democratically elected governments do not provide them opportunities on equal footing.
(Any three points). 3x1=3
Note : If a candidate writes ‘yes’ to the answer, he/she has to give appropriate arguments like the effects of fundamental Rights etc.
24. Suitable Arguments:
(1) As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more.
(2) People always come up with more expectations from the democratic set up.
(3) They also have complaints against democracy.143
(4) More and more suggestions and complaints by the people is also a testimony to the success of democracy.
(5) A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the democratic project.
(Any three points) 3x1=3
25. Broad Guidelines
(1) The changes in laws should be carefully devised.
(2) Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics.
(3) Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practices.
(4) Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is good solution but also about who will implement it and how?
(Any three points) 3x1=3
26. Following factors have enabled globalisation in India :
(1) Improvement in Transportation - This has made much faster the delivery of goods across long distances possible at lower costs.
(2) Improvement in Information and Technology : It has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries. Telecommunication facilities are used tocontact one another around the world to access information instantly and to communicate from remote areas.
Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Internet also allows us to send instant electronic mail across the world at negligible costs.
(3) Liberalisation : Nations have removed the barriers to foreign trade and foreign Investment and thus promoted and facilitated globalisations.
4. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points) 3x1=3
27. (1) Features of MNCs : MCNs operate in more than one nation.
(2) They bring latest technology.
(3) MNCs have huge financial resources.
(4) The most common route for MNC investment is to buy up local companies and then to expand production.
(5) MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour conditions for these distant producers.
(6) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be highlighted) 3x1=3144
28. Consumer is exploited when traders :
(1) Charge higher prices.
(2) Follow Unfair trade practices
(3) Weighs less than they should.
(4) Self Adulterated goods.
(5) Self Defective goods.
(6) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained 3x1=3
29. Consumer has following rights.
(1) Right to Safety : The consumer has the right to be protected against the marketing of goods which have hazards to health, life and property.
(2) Right to be informed : Consumer has the right to know important facts and information about the goods and services they purchase.
(3) Right to choose : The consumer has the right to buy the product of his choice.
(4) Right to seek Redressal : The consumer has the right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or exploitation.
(5) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points) 3x1=3
30. Measures & practices introduced by revolutionaries :
(1) The ideas of la-patrie & le-citoyen emphasised the nation of united community enjoying
equal rights under the constitution.
(2) New French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard (3) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(4) New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated.
(5) Internal customs and duties were abolished.
(6) Uniform system of weights and measures were adopted.
(7) Regional dialects were discouraged and French was written & spoken in Paris.
(8) Any other relevant points.
(Any four points to be explained) 4x1=4
OR
Hoa Hao movement : The founder of this movement was a man called Huynh Phu.
His Contribution : 1mark
1. He was always helpful to the poor people.145
(2) His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal.
(3) He also opposed the sale of girl brides.
(4) He opposed gambling and use of alcohol and opium.
(5) Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3marks 1+3=4
31. Features of Civil Disobedience movement
(1) The countrymen broke the salt law.
(2) They made salt and demonstrated in front of Govt. salt factories.
(3) Foreign clothes were boycotted.
(4) Liquor shops were picketed.
(5) Peasants refused to pay the land revenue.
(6) Village officials resigned their jobs.
(7) People violated forest laws.
(8) Any other relevant point.
(Any four points to be explained) 4x1=4
32. Physiographic Factors:
(1) Northern plains are vast level land. It provides the most favourable conditions to lay down railway tracks.
(2) In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region railway tracks are laid through low hills gaps, which increased the cost of construction of railway tracks.
(3) Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines
due to high relief and sparse population.
(4) Desert region of western Rajasthan does not allow to develop railway lines in thar region.
(5) Swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa andJharkhand are also not suited to construct railway lines.
(Any two) 2x1=2mark
Economic Factors:
(1) Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers.
(2) Northern plains have high population density and rich agricultural resources.
(3) Plateau region of Chhota Nagpur is rich in mineral resources. As a result railway tracks are spread over the region.
(4) Industrial regions of the country directly linked with railway lines.
(5) Any other relevant point.
Any two points are to be explained 2x1=2146
33. Reasons :
If there are no political parties in a democracy:
(1) Every candidate in the elections will be independent.
(2) No one will make promises to the people about any major policy change.
(3) The government may be formed, but its utility will remain be uncertain.
(4) Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency only or locality only.
(5) No one will be accountable to the nation as a whole.
(6) Any other relewant point
(Any four points to be explained) 4x1=4
34. A . Formal sector Loans : Formal credit sector is known as organised sector. (ii) This sector provides loan at low rate of interest. (iii) This sector is supervised and controlled
by Reserve Bank of India. ( iv) I t mainly includes : Commercial Banks :
Cooperative Society : 3 x 12 = marks
B Informal Sector Loans :
(i) Informal credit sectors in India include credit given by unorganised sectors. (ii) These sectors meet the credit needs of poor households. (iii) They charge high interest rate.
(iv) There is no organisation which supervises and controls the lending activities of informal sector. (v) The main informal credit sources are : Local Money lenders, Traders,
Employers, Relatives and Friends etc, Any other relevant point.
(Any three features) 3 x 1
2 + 1 marks
(A) CHAMPARAN
(ii) CHAURI-
CHAURA
(i) KHEDA
(B)
MADRAS
Question No. 35
and 35 (OR)
(ii)
(A)148
SILCHER
(A)
(B)
NARORA
SURAT
(36.3)
PARADIP
BAILA DILA
MYSORE
Question No. 36
and 36 (OR)
35/35(OR) Please see the map above.
For blind candidates only :
35.1 Madras
35.1 Champaran (Bihar)
36/36(OR) (a) Please see the map above.
For Blind Candidates only.
36.1 Silchar
36.2 Uttar Pradesh
36.3 Orissa
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(C)

Project on Political parties January 2012.

2012-01-03T19:22:00.000+05:30

Students are to make a project on Political parties of India- Regional and National political parties of India.
--Make the project in Political science notebook .
--Draw the symbols and paste pictures of the parties.
--Also make use of cartoons and caricatures- from Newspaper.
--Make the project colourful and informative.
--Do mention the sources of information.

Weightage +sample paper - SA-I- 2011

2011-08-29T22:11:00.008+05:30

Sample Question Paper
SOCIAL SCIENCE
Class-X
Summative Assessment-1
October 2011
Design of Question paper

Blue Print - April - September 2011
SOCIAL SCIENCE (Class X)

Social Science
Sample question paper
Summative Assessment I
(October-2011)
Class X Time: 3hours M.M.: 80

Instructions :
1.The question paper has 36 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2.Marks are indicated against each question.
3.Questions from serial number 1 to 16 are multiple choice questions (MCQ).
Each question carries one mark.
4.Questions from serial number 17 to 31 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each.
5.Questions from serial number 32 to 35 are 4 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 100 words each.
6.Question number 36 is a map question of 4 marks from Geography only. After completion,attach the map inside your answer book.
1.In which one of the following years Great Depression occurred in the world?
(a)1929-30 (b) 1935-36 (c)1939-40 (d) 1941-42
OR
Who among the following, improved the steam engine produced by New Comen? 1
(a)Mathew Boulton (b) James Watt(c)Henry Ford (d) Grahm Bell
OR
Which one of the following is correct about the Annual London Season? 1
(a)It was meant for wealthy Britishers only.
(b)Organised for the working class.
(c)Organised for the exchange of news.
(d)Organised for political action. 1
2.Which one of the following groups of the countries was known as the 'Central powers' in Europe?
(a)Germany, Russia and France(b) Russia, Germany and Britain (c) Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman-Turkey(d)Britain, Germany and Russia
OR
Which of the following group of industries was the dynamic industries of England during its earliest phase of industrialization?
(a) Cotton and metals
(b) Cotton and silk
(c) Silk and footwears
(d) Footwears and glass 1
OR

After reclamation how many islands were joined together to develop the city of Bombay
(Mumbai)?
(a) Seven
(b) Five
(c) Three
(d) Ten
3. Who among the following developed the first known printing press in the 1430s? 1
(a) Johann Gutenburg (b) James Watt
(c) New Commen
(d) Marconi
OR
Who among the following is the author of the novel 'Hard Times'? 1
(a) Leo Tolstoy
(b) Thomas Hardy
(c) Charles Dickens (d) Samuel Richardson 1
4. The first printing press came to India with which one of the following?
(a) Portuguese Missionaries (b) Catholic Priests
(c) Dutch protestants (d) East India Company 1
OR
Who among the following is the author of the novel 'Pariksha Guru'?
(a) Prem Chand
(b) Srinivas Das
(c) Devki Nandan Khatri
(d) Chandu Menon 1
5.Which one of the following soil types is the most widely spread and important soil in India?
(a)Laterite soils (b) Black soils
(c)Alluvial soils (d) Red and yellow soils 1
6.In which one of the following states, Corbett National Park is located?
(a)Assam (b) Madhya pradesh (c)Rajasthan (d) Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal) 1
7.On which one of the following rivers Sardar Sarovar Dam is built?
(a)River Kaveri (b) River Krishna(c)River Narmada (d) River Satluj 1
8.In which one of the following crops, India is the leading producer and exporter in the world?
(a)Jute (b) Tea(c)Coffee (d) Rubber 1
9.Which of the following minority communities is relatively rich and powerful in Belgium?
(a)French (b) Dutch(c)German (d) English 1
10.Which one of the following languages is spoken by the majority of the people of Sri Lanka?
(a)Tamil (b) English(c)Sinhalese (d) French 1
11.Which one of the following countries fall in the category of 'coming together federation'?
(a)India (b) US (c)Spain (d) Belgium 1
12.Which one of the following does not come under the purview of 'family laws'?
(a)Matters related to marriage (b) Matters related to divorce
(c)Matters related to adoption (d) Matters related to robbery 1
13.Among the following criteria which one is the basis to measure the development of a country according to the World Bank
(a)Per Capita Income (b)Literacy Rate (c) Gross Enrolment Ratio (d)Life Expectancy 1
14.Which one among the following is a development goal common to all?
(a)Freedom (b)Equal opportunities (c) Security and respect (d)High levels of income and better quality of life 1
15. Which one of the following occupations is associated with primary sector?
(a) Doctor (b)Gardener(c) Teacher (d)Priest 1
16.Which one among the following is the most appropriate meaning of underemployment?
(a)Workers are not paid for their work (b)Workers are working less than what they are capable of doing (c) Workers are working in a lazy manner
(d)Workers do not want to work 1
17. Explain the impact of Great Depression of 1929 on the Indian economy giving three
points. 3x1=3
OR
Explain any three problems faced by the cotton weavers in India during mid 19th century. 3x1=3
OR
Explain any three reasons for the expansion of Bombay's (Mumbai's) population in mid 18th century. 3x1=3
18."Access to books created a new culture of reading". Support the statement giving three examples. 3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of women writers on the writing of novels in India. 3x1=3
19.Explain how Martin Luther spoke in praise of print. 3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of Prem Chand in the field of novel writing. 3x1=3
20.Explain giving three points how did the print culture develop in India? 3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of Rokeya Hossein in the field of education and literature.
3x1=3
21.What is resource planning? Why is the planning of resource essential? Explain any two reasons. 1+2=3
22.Why do we need to conserve our forest and wildlife resources? Explain any three reasons. 3x1=3
23.Why is the scarcity of water increasing day by day in India? Explain any three reasons. 3x1=3
24.Mention any three provisions of the Act which was passed in Sri Lanka in 1956 to establish Sinhala supermacy 3x1=3
25.Explain overlapping and cross cutting social differences with three examples. 3x1=3
26.Explain any three factors that determine the outcome of politics of social division. 3x1=3
27.State any three facts to show that the women face disadvantage and discrimination in our patriarch society. 3x1=3
28.Explain any three different bases of comparison of economic development of different nations
/ states. 3x1=3
29.Describe any three public facilities needed for development. 3x1=3
30.Explain any three types of unemployment found in India. 3x1=3
31."Workers are exploited in unorganized sectors in India". Support the statement with suitable examples. 3x1=3
32.Explain the effects of coming of ‘rinderpest’ to Africa during the close of 19th century. 4x1=4
OR
Explain giving four reasons why did the industrialists of Europe prefer hand labour over machines during the 19th century. 4x1=4

Or
Why did well off Londoners support the need for building houses for the poor in 19th century?
Explain in four points. 4x1=4
33. What is the main contribution of agriculture to the national economy? Explain any three steps taken by the Government of India to modernize agriculture. 1+3=4
34.Explain any four features of federalism. 4x1=4
35. How can more employment be created in rural areas? Explain with the help of four suitable examples. 4x1=4
36.Three features with serial number 1 to 3 are marked on the given political outline map of India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct
names on the lines marked in the Map. 3x1=3
(1)Soil type (2)Tiger Reserve (3)The leading coffee producing state

OR
Locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols on the same Map. 3x1=3

(a) Hirakud Dam
(b) Sunderbans national park
(c) The largest producing state of Bajra

Social Science
Marking Scheme
Class X

Part I

1.(a) or (b) or (a)
2.(c) or (a) or (a)
3.(a) or (c)
4.(a) or (b)
5.(c) 6. (d)
7.(c) 8. (b)
9. (a) 10. (c)
11.(b) 12. (d)
13.(a) 14. (d)
15.(b) 16. (b)
Part II
17. i. The depression affected Indian trade.
ii.Indian imports as well as exports almost halved between 1928 and 1934.
iiiAs international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged.
iv.Wheat prices fell by 50%
v.Although agricultural prices fell sharply yet the colonial govt. refused to reduce revenue demands.
vi.The prices of raw jute also crashed to about 60%.
vii.The peasants were under heavy indebtedness.
viii. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained)
3x1=3
OR
i.The export market collapsed and the local market shrank.
ii.Imported cotton goods were cheaper and Indian weavers could not compete with
them.
iii.Procuring raw cotton of good quality was very difficult because the prices were very high.
iv.The market was flooded with machine made goods.
12
v. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
OR
i. Bombay (Mumbai) developed into the biggest sea port along the Arabian sea coast.
ii. It became the capital of Bombay Presidency in 1819.
iii. Large number of cotton textile industries sprang up which attracted lots of labour.
iv. It became the centre of film industry.
v. It provided direct sea link with Europe.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
18. i. Before the printing press the reading of books was restricted to the elites only.
ii. With the printing press a new reading public emerged.
iii. Books reached to the wider section of the public.
iv. With the print the hearing public changed into a reading public.
v. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
OR
i. In the earlier stages women began writing stories, poems etc.
ii. In early 20th century, women in South India began writing novels.
iii. Their writings allowed for a new conception of womanhood.
iv. Stories of love showed women who could choose or refuse their partners and
relationships.
v. Some women authors wrote about the women who changed the world of both men
and women.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
19. i. Martin Luther wrote 95 theses criticizing many of the practices and ritual of the Roman
Catholic Church.
ii. Luther's writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
iii. This led to a division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant
Reformation
iv. Luther's translation of the New Testament sold 5000 copies within a few weeks.
v. Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, "printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest
one."
13
vi.Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained)
3x1=3
OR
i. Prem Chand's novels are filled with all kinds of powerful characters drawn from all levels of society.
ii. The women characters are also strong individuals.
iii.Prem Chand's characters create a community based on democratic values.
iv.Prem Chand's best known work is 'Godan'.
v.It is an epic of Indian peasantry.
vi.Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
20. i. The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid 16th century.
ii.By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanara languages.
iii.Catholic priests first printed Tamil books in 1579 at Cochin.
iv. In 1713 first Malayalam book was printed.
v. English writing developed much after the coming of English East India Company.
vi.Then Indians began publishing Indian newspapers.
vii.Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained)
3x1=3
Or
i.Rokeya Hossein was a social reformer.
iiShe started a school for girls in Calcutta (Kolkata).
iii.She wrote satiric fantasy in English.
iv.
It shows the world in which women will take the place of men.
v.
Her novel 'Padamarag' shows the need for women to reform their conditions
themselves.
vi.Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
21.Resource Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources.
Reasons: 1 mark
i.Resources are unevenly distributed over the country.
ii.Some regions are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other resources.
iii.There are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
14
22.
23.
24.
25.
iv.Resources are limited.
v. Resource planning helps in reducing wastage.
vi.Resource planning takes care of future generation.
vii.Any other relevant point.
(Any two points to be explained) 1+2=3
Need to conserve forest and wild life resources :

i.Rapid decline in forests and wildlife population.
ii. Conservation maintains the ecological balance
iii.Forest depletion accelerates soil erosion.
iv. Conservation is needed to protect wildlife because wildlife is threatened by man'sintervention.
v. They provide economic benefits.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any three reasons to be explained) 3x1=3
Reasons of scarcity of water :
i.Rapidly growing population.
ii.Rising demand of food and cash crops.
iii.Water resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry seasons
iv. Industrialisation
v.Any other relevant reason.
(Any three reasons to be explained) 3x1=3
i.Sinhala to be the official language of Srilanka
ii.Preferential policy of Sinhalese in government educational institutions and jobs
iii. To foster Buddhism
iv. Any other relevant point
(Any three points)
3x1=3
Social divisions take place when some social difference overlaps with other differences, the difference between blacks and whites become a social division in the US because they tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. If social differences cross cut one another, it is difficult to pit one group of people against the other. Consider the cases of Northern Ireland
and the Netherlands. Both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. If you are Catholic,you are also likely to be poor and you may have suffered a history of discrimination. In the Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Catholics and Protestants are about equally likely to be poor or rich. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have had
15
26.
27.
28.
29.conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in the Netherlands. Overlapping social differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross-cutting social differences are easier to accommodate.
(Any three example)
3x1=3
i.First of all, the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people see their identities in singular, it becomes difficult to accommodate.
ii. Secondly, it depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It
is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and
are not at the cost of another community.
iii.Thirdly, it depends on how the govt. reacts to the demands of different groups. Minorities
should also be taken care of with the majority.
i. The literacy rate among women is only 54% as compared to 76% among men.
ii. Proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small.
iii. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work but in practice it is not so.
iv. Parents in majority still prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted.(Any three points) 3x1=3
Following indicators are generally used for comparison of economic development of different
nations / states :
i. Per capita income : It helps in comparison of the level of development of differentregions within the country or different nations.
ii. Infant Mortality rate : It refers to deaths among children before the age of one year per thousand children born in a year.
iii.Literacy rate : It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
iv.Life expectancy : Average expected length of life of a person.
v. Gross enrolment ratio : For three levels for primary, secondary and higher
education.
vi. Persons living below poverty line.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
Public facilities refer to facilities, which a person cannot arrange at individual level, these are
provided by government. Following are the main public facilities:
i. Pollution free environment
ii.Good infrastructure like transport.
iii.Collective security for the whole locality
iv.Opening schools, colleges and hospitals
v. Taking preventive steps from infectious diseases
16
vi.Provision for safe drinking water, sanitation facilities etc.
vii.Provision for public distribution system.
(Any three points to be described) 3x1=3
30.
The three types of unemployment found in India are :
i.Disguised unemployment
iiSeasonal unemployment
iii.Structural unemployment
iv.Cyclical unemployment
v. Technological unemployment
(Explanation of any three) 3x1=3
31.i. Workers are paid less wages, there is no job security,
ii.Working conditions are poor.
iii.They have to work for long hours.
iv. Any other relevant point.
Any three to be explained) 3x1=3
32.i. Rinderpest was carried by infected cattle imported by British .
ii.Rinderpest spread like forest fire.
iii.Within few years it affected the whole of Africa killing 90% of the cattle.
iv. The loss of cattle forced the Africans into the labour market.
v. The scarce resources were under the European colonizers who conquered and
subdued Africa
vi. Any other relevant point
(Any four points to be explained)
4x1=4
OR
i.The was no shortage of labour at that period of time.
ii. Installation of machinery required large capital investment which the industrialists did not want to invest.
iii.In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required
iv.Intricate designs and different samples required human skills only.
v. In Victorian age - the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made by hand.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any four points to the explained) 4x1=4
17
33.
34.
35.
OR
i.Living in unhygienic slums was very dangerous for the poor.
ii.Slums were also harmful not to the slum dwellers but also to the general public.
iii.In slums there was always fear of fire hazards.
iv. fter the Russian revolution of 1917, it was felt that the people who are slum dwellers may not rebel.
v. Any other relevant point
(Any four points to be explained) 4x1=4
Contribution of agriculture
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. Its share in providing employment

and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63 per cent in 2001.
Steps taken by the Government.
i. InDian Council of Agricultural Research established.
ii. AgriCultural Universities are established.
iii.Veterinary services are provided.
iv. Animal breeding centres are opened.
v. Infrastructure like roads, electricity cold storage etc is being developed.
vi. Development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority.
vii. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained) 3x1=3
i. There are two or more levels of government.
ii. The jurisdiction of the respective tiers of government are specified in the constitution.
iii. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and powers of different levels of
government.
iv.
Sources of revenue of each level of government are specified to ensure its financial
autonomy. 4x1=4
More employment in rural areas can be created by :
i.Constructing dams, canals or digging wells in villages.
ii. Creating storage facilities and providing transport services.
iii.Agro based industries can be set up in rural areas or semi belts.
iv.Construction of schools.
v. Making provision for education and health service in rural belts can also result in employments.
vi.Promoting rural crafts and rural tourism is also an employment generation proposal.
18
36. See attached map for answer
For visually impaired Candidates only
(36.1) Varies from red to brown
(36.2) Periyar
(36.3) Rajasthan
Map Work (Question No. 36

FOREST ANDMOUNTAINOUS SOIL 1
c RAJASTHAN
a HIRAKUD
b SUNDER BAN
NATIONALPARK
3 KARNATAKA
2 PERIYAR
19

Formative Assessment-Class-X

2011-08-17T21:39:00.004+05:30

An activity-Wall Magazine
was given to class -X students from a chapter of Geography-AGRICULTURE . Students prepared Wall Magazines in Gorups and presented the same in the class room...
Some glimpse of the same.This is a work of class X-D.

ALSO SEE WORK OF cLASS X -B...

Holidays Home work-SA-I,2011.

2011-05-20T22:05:00.004+05:30

Social Sc. Holidays Homework
Class X (Session 2011-2012)

Every student has to undertake one project on Disaster Management. List of topics is enclosed. Please carefully go through the instructions before doing the project.

Preparation and Submission of Project Report

Stipulated term each student will prepare and submit her/his project report. Following essentials are required to be fulfilled for its preparation and submission-

1.The total length of the project report will be 15-20 pages.
2.The project report will be handwritten and credit will be awarded to original drawings, illustrations and creative use of materials.
3.The project report will be presented in a neatly bound simple folder.
4.The project report will be developed in this sequence-

- Cover page showing project title, student information school and year
- List of contents
-Acknowledgements and preface (acknowledging the institution, offices and libraries visited and person who have helped.)
- Introduction
-Chapters with suitable headings.
-Planning and activities to be done during the project, if any.
-Conclusions (summary ad suggestions or findings, future scope of study)
-Bibliography
-All the photographs and sketches should be labled and related to the theme.
-Appendix (if needed)
-The project report will be returned after evaluation. The school may keep the best reports.
Topic for Project
Project 1 Role of Govt./ Non Govt. functionaries your locality in Disaster Management
Interview any two of the Govt./ Non – Government functionaries in your locality on their role in Disaster Management.
1.Senior District Magistrate
2.Additional District Magistrate
3.Sarpanch /MP/MLA
4.Head of any NGO working in your locality- dealing in Disaster Manageme.
5.Police inspector, Superintendent of Police
6.Civil Defense Warden/elected representative
7.Home guard personnel
8.NCC Commandant in the school
9.Deputy Commissioner of Municipality
10.School Principal

Carry out of a survey by enquiring from at least 20 persons from different walks of life(such as shopkeepers, housewives, senior citizens, college students, etc.) in your locality on the hazards prevalent and preventive measures they have taken or would like to take to reduce the impact.

Prepare a Survey report highlighting the areas where awareness is needed and the local resources available in the locality to create awareness.

This topic can be taken up individually by students or by a group consisting of two students In case of group work where two students are involved. Work should be divided equally so that distribution of marks is easier.
Project2 : generating Awareness on Disaster Management
Design a 10 minute skit on Disaster Management
Design posters on do’s and don’ts of various hazards prevalent in that area. Visit a slum community and enact the skit by using the poster. The skit and the posters can also be used to make the junior students aware.
Note for the teacher: Better awareness and preparedness amongst the community members have saved a lot of life and property. As responsible future citizens of the country, students play a major role in awaring the community to be better prepared for natural hazards (flood, cyclone, landslide, tsunami etc) and human induced hazards (fire rail road and air accidents). Local language should be used so that the community is able to have a better understanding. The Principal along with the teachers can belp the students in organizing a meeting with the local slum community).

Project 3- Preparation of Models of Disaster Resilient Structures
Make layouts of models based on structural improvement in buildings in a rural/ urban community in coastal areas prone to floods/cyclones or in areas prone to earthquakes/landslides. Show the special features of the building and indicate the early warning system that could be best used in that community
(Note for Teachers: To carry out the project, there is a need to have a good understanding about the subject. The Class X textbook on Disaster Management will help the teachers and the students to have a fair understanding about the topic. However, the school also needs to seek support from qualified engineers, and architects who have knowledge on safe construction practices from either the Government or private sector and also from academic institutions. Qualified engineers and architects can be invited by the principal of the school for lectures and also to suggest methods of carrying out the models. For assessing the project carried out by the school, these qualified persons may also be invited).
Project 4 – Pocket Guide on First Aid
Prepare a pocket guide on First Aid for your school . The First Aid pocket guide shold contain aid that needs to be given for fractures, poisioning, cuts and burns, heat and cold wave and other threats that are prevalent in that area. The content shared in the guide should be supported with adequate pictures so as to give a clear and elaborate understanding about the topic. Choose awareness campaign strategy for either senior citizens or illiterate people and prepare a brief write-up.
(Note for the teacher: The project can be carried out by a group of students in a class and work can be equally divided amongst the students so that the teachers are able to evaluate them easily. Doctor. Local health practitioners, trained volunteers of Red Cross and professionals from other agencies/bodies/institute, proficient in this field can be consulted to prepare the first-aid pocket guide. This guide can be printed by the school administration and shared with all the students, teachers and other staff members of the school. It can be used as a ready reckoner for any First Aid related information.
Project 5- Institutional Case Study on Disaster Response
Visit a local NGO /agency such as the United Nations, Red Cross/Voluntary Youth Organizations like Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan (NYKS), National Cadet Crop (NCC), Bharat Scouts and Guides etc and prepare a case study on how the agencies played a major role in Disaster Response.
(Note for the teachers: The teachers may select the organization/agency that they would like the students to be associated with. It can be mentioned here the students to be associated with. It can be mentioned here that each district in India has a Red Cross Wing headed by the District Magistrate/Collector /Dy. Commissioner. The students before analyzing the role played by various agencies can give a brief background of the organization/ agency on its mandate, objectives and goals and role during disaster.)

Project 6 – Communication facilities for Disaster Management
Choose any one method of communication from various means of communication like radio/satellite/television/ Ham radio which are used by Government departments such as the Indian Meterological Department to disseminate information. Find out how the information is disseminated by them at various levels during disasters. Prepare a report.
(Note for the teachers: The students can visit the government departments such as the All India Radio, Doordarshan etc. Principals are expected to issue a letter to the concerned Government Department so as to inform the department that the information collected will be solely for project purpose. Case studies can also be collected to make the project more interesting).

Project 7: Preparation of Disaster Contingency Plan
Prepare a contingency plan either for your school or home/ Community. The plan should be based on an actual survey of your area/locality or school. The plan prepared should consist of the following maps, inventory of resources available and a seasonality calendar highlighting the seasons prone to various hazards prevalent in that locality school.

1A social map
2A resource map
3A vulnerability map on the outline map of your locality

1.Assignment of Chapter -1 “Power Sharing” (Political SC.) in Homework Copies
2.“Development” (Economics) in Homework Copies.

Students are required to complete assignments of Political Science Lesson 1 and 2 in their respective notebooks.
Incase of any querry write in the comment box.

ASSIGNMENT-NATIONALIST MOVEMENT IN INDO-CHINA

2011-02-22T12:38:00.005+05:30

Q1.In which year Vietnam gained formal independence?
Q2.Indo-china comprised of which countries?
Q3.When did the French people land in Vietnam?
Q4. Name the areas controlled by the French?
Q5.Why did the French think that colonies were necessary?
Q6.Why the French began building canals and draining lands in the Mekong delta?
Q7. What did the French do to develop infra structure in Vietnam?
Q8.Should the colonies be developed? what were the views of Paul Bernard on this question. OR
Why did Bernard believe that the economy of the colonies needed to be developed?

Q9.What do you understand by indentured labour?
Q10. What the main ideas behind French colonisation?
Q11.Why did the French introduce modern ideas to the colony?
Q12.State two broad opinions on the question as to which language French or Vietnamese was to be introduced in schools?
Q14.Why only a few admitted ultimately passed the school leaving examination?
Q15.How were the Vietnamese represented in the French textbooks? OR
How did the school textbooks glorify the French and justify the colonial rule?
Q16. Write a short note on Tonkin Free School and the subjects taught there.
How did the school encourage western styles?
Q17.Which problem did the French face in Vietnam face in the sphere of education?
(influence of chinese culture)
Q18.What do you about the Saigon Native Girls School incident?
Q19.How did the Vietnamese show their resistence towards the French education system?
Q20.How did the facilities of wide sewers act as a source of causing plague in the modern city of Hanoi? three points.
Q21.How did the rat hunt policy of the French fail in Vietnam? Explain 3 reasons.
Q22. Which religions were followed in the Vietnam or write about their religious beliefs.
Q23.Write about various religious movements that started in Vietnam which were hostile to the western presence(the French). OR
Short notes on Hoa Hao movement; Scholars revolt in 1868; Huynh Phu So.
Q24.Who wrote 'The History of the loss Vietnam'?
Q25.What were the viwes of Phan Boi Chau regarding Vietnam and how were they different from the views of Phan Chu Trinh?
Q26.Write a short note on the 'Go East Movement'.
Q27.'Developments in China inspired the Vietnamese nationalists to a great extent' Explain the events in the light of this statement.
Q28.The great economic depression was in which year?
Q29.Sort note on Ho Chi Minh and on Ho Chi Minh trail.
Q30. Examine the challenges which the new republic of Vietnam faced after 1954.
Q31.When and where were the French defeated?
Q32.Write about the division of Vietnam . Also mention the after effects.
Q33.Who all supported the unification of Vietnam? OR
How was Vietnam unified?
Q34.Why did the US fear the unification of Vietnam?
Q35.Name the weapons used by the US in the war?
Q36. What was the reaction of the people towards the US involvement in the war? How did media project it?
Q36. Name some movies which were inspired by the war.
Q37.Explain the causes of the US involvement in the war in Vietnam.
Q38. Describe the heroic deeds of Trung sisters who had fought agianst the chinese domination.4 points.
Q39. What was the role of women in anti-imperial struggle in Vietnam?
Q40. With the begining of the peace talks by 1970's how were women represented in Vietnam?

Outcomes of democracy-chapter-7-pol.sc

2011-02-15T12:35:00.010+05:30

WHEN COMPARED TO OTHER GOVTS. OF THE WORLD IT HAS BEEN OBSERVED THAT DEMOCRACY IS COMPARITIEVELY A BETTER GOVT. REASONS:1.It promotes equality.
2.enhances the dignity of the individual.
3. improves the quality of decision making.
4.provides a method to resolve conflicts.
5.allows room to correct mistakes.
Q. Is democracy preferred for a moral or a prudential reason?
It means that have we adopted democracy because it is a govt. which all newly independent nations adpot , or just because it is govt. of the people, etc.OR
we have adpoted it because it is a well thought decision because of its advantages ,and long term benefits.
Democracies in different countries have different outcomes and we should not forget that-- it is just a form of govt.
--it can only create conditions to achieve something.
--citizens have to take advantage of those conditions and then achieve those set goals.
To judge democracy we need to examine the records of democratic setups.
ACCOUNTABLE, RESPONSIVE AND LEGITIMATE GOVERNMENT.
EXPECTATIONS:
A)it should be a govt. that is accountable to its citizens
b)responsive to its needs and expectations of the citizens.
c)has it followed the procedures and norms .
d)has the govt. developed a mechanism for its citizens to hold the govt.accountable and a mechanism for citizens to take part in decision making.
ACCOUNTABILITY:
Some think that democracy is less effective as it is slow in decision making and the non-democratic rulers donot have to bother about delebrations in the assemblies or worry about the majorities and public opinion, and hence are quick in delebrations and decision makings.
Whereas
Democracy is based on the idea of delebrations and negotiations. Decisions are taken by the govt., which takes more time to follow procedures before arriving at a decision and there fore the decisions are more acceptable to the people and are more effective. it means that the cost of time that the demcracy pays is perhaps more more but is worth it.
RESPONSIVE:
Govt. ie rsponsive if it is attentive to the needs and the demands of the people and is largely free of corruption.
--the record of democracies is not immpressive on these two counts , as they often frustrate the needs of the people and often igrnore the demands of a mojarity of its population.
But at the same time there is nothing to show that non-democracies are less corrupt or more sensitive to the people.
LEGITIMACY:
Democracy ensures that decision making will be based on norms and procedures, so if the citizen wants to know if the govt. is working according to the correct procedures can find this out.
--They have the right to examine the process of decision making ,this is called TransperencyThis factor is often missing from the non-democratic govt. and threfore to judge the outcome it is the right to expect democracy to produce a govt. that follows procedure and that is accountable.
--we can also expect that democratic govt. develops a mechanisim to hold the govt. accountable and also mechanisms for citizens to take part in the decision where evre they fit in.
TO JUDGE THIS WE WOULD LOOK FOR THE FOLLOWING PRACTICES AND INSTITUTIONS:--regular free and fair elections,
--open public debate on major policies and legislations,
--and citizens's right to information about the govt. and its functioning.

The actual record shows that :democracies show a mixed record on this.
--democracies have had greater sucess in setting up regular free and fair elections and in setting up conditions for open public debate.
--but most democracies fall short of elections that provide fair chance to everyone and allowing all decisions for public debate.
--democratic govts. do not have a very good record when it comes to sharing information with the citizens.
Thus it follows that democratic regimes are better than non-democratic regimes.
As the democratic govt. is legitimate govt. It may be slow, less efficient, not always very responsive or clean but it is peoples own govt.
--people wish to be ruled by the representatives elected by them, they also believe that democracy is suitable for it has an ability to generate its own support is itself an outcome that can not be ignored.
--Various SouthAsian countries show support for it.

ECONOMIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
Democracies do produce good govt.s but are not always able to produce development.
--if we consider and compare dictatorships and democracies for the fifty years between 1950-2000, dictatorships have slightly showed higher rate of economic growth.
--However the the difference is negligible and over all we cannot say that democracy is a guarantee of economic development but we can expect democracy not to lag behind dictatorship in this respect.
Therefore it is better to prefer democracy as it has several other positive outcomes.

REDUCTION OF INEQUALITY AND POVERTY
Expectations:
--to reduce economic disparities
--wealth should be distributed in such a way that all citizens will have a share in it and lead a better life.
Q. Do democracies lead to just distribution of goods and opputunities?
Democracies are based on political equality.
All individuals have equal weight in electing representatives.
--But we do find growing inequalities..as a small number of ultra-rich enjoy highly dispropotionate share of wealth and incomes, also their share in the total income of the country is increasing and those at the bottom of the society have very little to depend upon, their incomes are declining , can not meet their basic needs.
--in actual life democracies do not appear to be very sucessful in reducing economic inequalities.
--the poor constitute a large proportion of our voters and no party likes to lose their votes. Yet democratically elected govts. donot appear to be as keen address the question of poverty as one would expect them to do so
--example Bangladesh.

ACCOMODATION OF SOCIAL DIVERSITY
EXPECTATION:
Do democracies lead to peaceful and harmonious life among citizens?
Democracies usually develop a procedure to conduct thier competition. This reduces the possilbilities of these tensions becoming explosive or violent.
--no society can permanently resolve conflicts among different groups but we can certainly learn to respect these differences and we can evolve mechanisms to negotiate the differences.
Democracy is best suited to reduce this outcome. Ability to handle social differences, division and conflicts is a plus point of democratic regime.
--non-democratic regimes often turn a blind eye or supress internal social differences.

TWO CONDITIONS TO ACHIEVE THE OUTCOME - ACCOMODATION OF SOCIAL DIVERSITY
1.-Democracy is not just rule by majority opinion but the majority always needs to work with the minority so that govt. functions to represent a general view.
2.-it is necessary that rule by majority doesnot become rule by majority community in terms of religion or race or linguistic group,etc.
Rule by majority means that in case of every decision or in case of every election, different persons and groups can and may form majority.
--democracy remains democracy as long as every citizen has a chance of being in majority at some point of time.,and if someone is barred from doing so then democracy ceases to be accomodative.
DIGNITY AND FREEDOM OF THE CITIZENS.
EXPECTATION:
Every individual wants to receive respect from fellow beings.
--Democracy stands much superior to any other form of govt. in promoting dignity and freedom of the individual. The passion for respect and freedom are the basis of democracy.
--as in case of dignity of women: long struggles by women have created some sensitivity today that respect to and equal tereatment of women are necessary ingredients of democratic society. Once the principle is recognised the struggle becomes easier and acceptable both morally and legally. It is not so in non-democratic society.
--this is also true of caste in equalities in India.
--in India democracy has strengthened the claims of the disadvantaged and discriminated castes for equal status and equal opputunity.
DISTINCTIVE FEATURE OF DEMOCRACY:
Its examination never gets over, as it passes one test it produces another test, as people get one benefit they ask for another and better one; their expectations keep rising so do their complaints.
--the fact that they are complaining is itself a testimony(evidence) that people have developed awareness and ability to expect and judge.
--this transforms them from a status of 'subject' to that of a 'citizen'.
--most feel that their vote makes a difference to the way govt. is run and in turn to thier own self-interst.

SA--II Map topics + Sample paper

2011-01-02T10:40:00.005+05:30

Summative Assessment-II
March 2011
List of Map Items for Examination
A. History
Chapter 3 : Nationalism in India - (1918-1930)
(i) For location and labelling/Identification on Outline Political Map of India
1. Indian National Congress Session : Calcutta (Sep. 1920), Nagpur (Dec. 1920), Madras (1927)
and Lahore (1929).
2. Important Centres of Indian National Movement
(Non-cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movement)
(i) Champaran (Bihar) : Movement of Indigo Planters
(ii) Kheda (Gujarat) : Peasant Satyagraha
(iii) Ahmedabad (Gujarat) : Cotton Mill Workers Satyagraha
(iv) Amritsar (Punjab) : Jallianwala Bagh incident.
(v) Chauri Chaura (UP) : Calling off the NCM.
(vi) Bardoli (Gujarat) : No tax campaign.
(vii) Dandi (Gujarat) : Civil Disobedience Movement.
B. Geography
Chapter 5 : Mineral and Energy Resources
Minerals : (Identification only)
(i) Iron ore mines : Mayurbhanj, Durg, Bailadila, Bellary and Kudremukh.
(ii) Mica mines : Ajmer, Beawar, Nellore, Gaya and Hazaribagh.
(iii) Coal mines : Raniganj, Jharia, Bokaro, Talcher, Korba, Singrauli, Singareni and Neyveli
(iv) Oil Fields : Digboi, Naharkatia, Mumbai High, Bassien, Kalol and Ankaleshwar.
(v) Power Plants : (Locating and Labelling only)
(a) Thermal : Namrup, Talcher, Singrauli, Harduaganj, Korba, Uran, Ramagundam,
Vijaywada and Tuticorin.
132
(b) Nuclear : Narora, Rawat Bhata, Kakrapara, Tarapur, Kaiga and Kalpakkam.
Chapter 6 : Manufacturing Industries
For Locating and labelling only
(i) Cotton Textile Industries : Mumbai, Indore, Ahmedabad, Surat, Kanpur, Coimbatore
and Madurai.
(ii) Woollen Industries : Srinagar, Amritsar, Ludhiana, Panipat, Mirzapur and Jamnagar.
(iii) Silk Industry : Anantnag, Srinagar, Murshidabad and Mysore.
(iv) Iron and Steel Plants : Burnpur, Durgapur, Bokaro, Jamshedpur, Rourkela, Bhilai,
Vijaynagar, Bhadravati, Vishakhapatnam and Salem.
(v) Software Technology Parks : Mohali, NOIDA, Jaipur, Gandhinagar, Indore, Mumbai,
Pune, Kolkata, Bhubaneshwar, Vishakhapatnam, Hyderabad, Bangalore, Mysore,
Chennai and Thiruvanantapuram.
Chapter 7 : Lifelines of National Economy
Identification Only :
Golden Quadrilateral, North-South Corridor and East-West Corridor
National Highways : NH-1, NH-2 and NH-7
Location and Labelling :
(i) Major Ports : Kandla, Mumbai, Jawahar Lal Nehru, Marmagao, New Mangalore,
Kochi, Tuticorin, Chennai, Vishakhapatnam, Paradip, Haldia and Kolkata.
(ii) International Airports : Amritsar (Raja Sansi), Delhi (Indira Gandhi International);
Mumbai (Chhatrapati Shivaji), Thiruvanantapuram (Nedimbacherry) ; Chennai
(Meenam Bakkam), Kolkata (Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose) and Hyderabad
Note : Items of locating and labelling may also be given for identification.

Social Science
Sample Question Paper
Summative Assessment II
(March-2011)
Class X
Time allowed : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 80
General Instructions :
1. The question paper has 36 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. Questions from serial number 1-16 are multiple choice questions (MCQs) of 1 mark each.
Every MCQ is provided with four alternatives. Write the correct alternative in your answer
book.
4. Questions from serial number 17 to 29 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 80 words each
5. Questions from serial number 30 to 34 are 4 marks questions. Answer of these questions
should not exceed 100 words each
6. Question number 35 is a map question of 2 marks from History and Question number 36 is
a map question of 3 marks from Geography.
1. Which one of the following is not true regarding the conservative regimes set up in
1815?
(a) They did not tolerate criticism regarding the legitimacy of autocratic governments.
(b) Most of them imposed censorship on press.
(c) They believed in the established traditional institutions like Monarchy, Church etc.
(d) They favoured the idea of liberty and freedom. 1
OR
Why did the ‘Go East Movement’ become popular in Vietnam during the first decade
of 20th Century? Choose the most appropriate answer from the following.
(a) Vietnamese students went to Japan to acquire education.
(b) They went to Japan to learn Japanese language.
135
(c) They went to get lucrative jobs.
(d) They looked for foreign arms and helped to drive away the French from Vietnam. 1
2. Which one of the following is not true regarding the ‘Balkan Problem’?
(a) The Balkan states were very jealous of each other.
(b) Each state wanted to gain more territory at the expense of others.
(c) The Balkans were also the scene of big power rivalry.
(d) The Balkans were not under the control of Ottoman Empire. 1
OR
Which one of the following is not true regarding the regime of Ngo-Dinh-Diem in
South Vietnam?
(a) He built a repressive and authoritarian government.
(b) He laid the foundation of a democratic form of government.
(c) Any one who opposed him was jailed and killed.
(d) He permitted christianity but outlawed Buddhism. 1
3. Why did General Dyer open fire on the peaceful gathering at Jallianwala Bagh on
13th April, 1919? Choose the most appropriate reason for doing so, from the
following:
(a) General Dyer wanted to enforce martial law very strictly in Amritsar.
(b) He wanted to create a feeling of terror and awe in the minds of satyagrahis.
(c) He wanted to demoralise the local congress leaders.
(d) He wanted to gain prominence in the eyes of British government. 1
4. Why did Gandhiji begin fast unto death when Dr. B.R. Ambedkar demanded separate
electorate for Dalits? Choose the appropriate answer from the following.
(a) Separate electorates would create division in the society.
(b) Separate electorates would slow down the process of integration into society.
(c) With separate electorates, dalits would gain respect in society.
(d) The condition of dalits would become better. 1
5. Which one of the following minerals belongs to the category of ferrous mineral?
(a) Gold (b) Copper
(c) Manganese (d) Bauxite 1
136
6. Which one of the following states is the largest producer of bauxite in India?
(a) Orissa (b) Gujarat
(c) Jharkhand (d) Maharashtra 1
7. Which one of the following factors plays the most dominant role in industrial location
in a region?
(a) Availability of raw material
(b) Cheap and skilled labour
(c) Nearness of the market
(d) Least Cost. 1
8. Which one of the following groups of cities is connected by the National Highway
No. 7.
(a) Delhi- Amritsar (b) Delhi- Kolkata
(c) Delhi- Mumbai (d) Varanasi- Kanyakumari
9. Identify the element which is NOT shared both by the movement in Nepal and the
struggle in Bolivia.
(a) A political conflict that led to popular struggle.
(b) The struggle involved mass mobilisation
(c) It was about the foundations of the country’s politics.
(d) It involved critical role of political organisation. 1
10. Which one of the following political parties grew out of a movement?
(a) Communist Party of India. (b) Asom Gana Parishad.
(c) All India Congress (d) Bahujan Samaj Party 1
11. Which one of the following is NOT a function of political parties?
(a) Parties contest elections
(b) Parties do not shape public opinion
(c) Parties put forward different policies and programmes
(d) Parties play a decisive role in making laws for the country. 1
12. Which one of following statements does not reflect the right impact of ‘the Right to
Information Act’?
(a) It supplements the existing laws that banned corruption
(b) It empowers the people to find out what is happening in the government.
(c) It enables the people to become law abiding good citizens.
(d) It acts as a watch dog of democracy. 1
137
13. Which among the following is an essential feature of barter system?
(a) A person holding money can easily exchange any commodity.
(b) It is based on double coincidence of wants.
(c) It is generally accepted as a medium of exchange of goods with money.
(d) It acts as a measure and store of value. 1
14. Which one of the following is a major reason that prevents the poor from getting
loans from the banks?
(a) Lack of capital
(b) Not affordable due to high rate of interest
(c) Absence of collatoral security
(d) Absence of mediators 1
15. Which one of the following is a basic function of foreign trade?
(a) It flourishes trade in the domestic market
(b) Goods and services are produced for internal market
(c) It gives opportunity for the production to reach beyond the domestic market.
(d) Investment is done to expand the trade within the domestic markets. 1
16. Which one of the following rights is ensured to the citizens under the RTI Act?
(a) Right to choose (b) Right to be informed
(c) Right to safety (d) Right to be heard 1
17. Explain any three reasons for the Greeks to win the Greek war of independence. 3x1=1
OR
Explain any three features of scholars revolt in 1868 in Vietnam. 3x1=3
18. How did the Non-Cooperation Movement spread to the countryside? Explain giving three
reasons. 3x1=3
19. What is the importance of energy resources? Give two examples each of conventional and
non-conventional sources of energy. 1+1+1=3
20. Why is manufacturing sector considered the backbone of economic development of the
country? Explain any three reasons with examples. 3x1=3
21. Explain any three factors which are responsible for localisation of jute textile mills mainly
along the banks of the Hugli river. 3x1=3
138
22. How do the pressure groups and movements exert their influence on politics? Explain any
three ways to do so. 3x1=3
23. Do democracies lead to a just distribution of goods and opportunities? Justify your answer
by three suitable arguments. 3x1=3
24. “Most destructive feature of democracy is that its examination never gets over.” Support the
statement with three appropriate arguments. 3x1=3
25. Suggest any three broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means
for political reforms in India. 3x1=3
26. Describe any three factors which have enabled globalisation in India. 3x1=3
27. In what ways is an MNC different from the national companies? Highlight any three points of
distinction. 3x1=1
28. Explain any three ways in which a consumer is exploited. 3x1=3
29. Explain any three consumer’s rights as user of goods and services. 3x1=3
30. Explain any four measures and practices introduced by revolutionaries to create a sense of
collective identity amongst the French people. 4x1=4
OR
Who was the founder of Hoa Hao movement? Explain his contribution by giving any three
points. 1+3=4
31. Explain any four features of Civil Disobedience movement of 1930. 4x1=4
32. How do physiographic and economic factors influence the distribution pattern of railway network
in our country? Explain with examples. 2+2=4
33. Why can’t modern democracies exist without political parties? Explain any four reasons.
4x1=4
34. Describe any two sources each of formal and informal credit in India. 2+2=4
35. Two features A and B are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify these
features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the lines
marked in the map.
A. The place from where the movement of Indigo planters was started.
B. The place where Indian National Congress session 1927 was held. 2x1=2
OR

139
(A)
(B)
Locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols on the same map.
(i) Kheda - The place of Peasant Satyagrah
(ii) Chauri Chaura - The centre of calling off the Non-Cooperation Movement. 2x1=2
Note : The following questions are for the BLIND CANDIDATES only, inlieu of Q.No. 35
(35.1) Name the place where Indian National Congress Session was held in 1927.
Map for Question
No. 35 and 35 (OR)

140
(35.2) At which place the movement of Indigo planters was started? 2x1=2
36. Three features - A, B and C are marked in the given outline political map of India. Identify
these features with the help of the following information and write their correct names on the
lines marked in the map.
A. Iron-Ore Field
B. Silk Textile Centre
C. The Terminal Station of East-West Corridor. 3x1=3
OR
Locate and label the following items on the same map with appropriate symbols.
(i) Narora Nuclear Power Station.
(ii) Surat - Textile Centre.
(iii) Paradip - Sea Port. 3x1=3
Note : The following questions are for the BLIND CANDIDATES only, in lieu of Q. No. 36.
(36.1) Name the eastern terminal station of East - West Corridor.
(36.2) In which state is Narora Nuclear Power station located?
(36.3) Write the name of the state in which Paradip sea port is located. 3x1=3
141
(C)
(A)
(B)
Map for Question
No. 36 and 36 (OR)
142
Social Science
Marking Scheme
Class X
1. (d) or (d) 1
2. (d) or (b) 1
3. (b) 1
4. (b) 1
5. (c) 1
6. (a) 1
7. (d) 1
8. (d) 1
9. (c) 1
10. (b) 1
11. (b) 1
12. (c) 1
13. (b) 1
14. (c) 1
15. (c) 1
16. (b) 1
17. Reasons for winning the war :
1. The growth of revolutionary nationalism in Europe sparked off a struggle for
independence amongst the Greeks.
2. Nationalism in Greece got the support from other Greeks living in exile.
3. West Europeans had sympathies for ancient Greek Culture.
4. Poets & artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilisation & mobilized
public spirit in support of Greek struggle against a Muslim empire.
5. The English poet, Lord Byron organised funds and went to fight in the war.
6. The treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent state.
7. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
OR
Scholars Revolt :
1. Scholars Revolt was an early movement against French Control and spread of
christianity.
143
2. This revolt was led by the officials at the imperial court angered by the spread of Catholicism
and French power.
3. They led a general uprising in Ngu An and Ha Tien provinces where thousands of
Catholics were killed.
4. This movement served to inspire other patriots to rise against the French.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
18. Spread of Non Cooperation Movement:
1. The peasants had to do begar and work at landlords’ farms without any payment.
2. The peasants demanded reduction of land revenue and abolition of begar.
3. The tenents had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted from land.
4. In Awadh Baba Ramchandra led the movement.
5. Any other relevant point.
Any three points. 3x1=3
19. Importance of energy resources :
(1) They are required for all activities
(2) They are needed to cook, to provide light and heat.
(3) They are highly required for transport and communication
(4) Industries are closely related to energy
Any two
1
2 +
1
2 =1
Conventional sources: Firewood, cattle dung, coal, petroleum, gas etc. (any two)
1
2 +
1
2 =1
Non-Conventional Sources : Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal, biogas and atomic energy.
Any two
1
2 +
1
2 = (1+1+1=3)
20. (1) Manufacturing sector helps in modernising agriculture.
(2) It also reduces the heavy dependence of people on agriculture.
(3) It provides jobs to the large number of people.
(4) It reduces poverty from the country.
(6) Export of manufactured goods expands trade and commerce.
(7) Export brings foreign exchange.
(8) Transformation of raw material into a wide variety of finished goods also provides
higher cost.
Explanation of any three points with examples. 3x1=3
144
21. Factors responsible for location of Jute textiles.
(1) Proximity of the jute producing areas.
(2) Inexpensive water transport, supported by a good network of railways and roadways.
(3) Abundance of water for processing raw jute.
(4) Cheap labour is available from West-Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.
(5) Kolkata port provides facilities for export of jute goods.
(6) Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained 3x1=3
22. Ways to influence politics
1. They try to gain public support and sympathy for their goals.
2. They often organise protest activities.
3. They employ professional lobbyists or sponsor expensive advertisements.
4. Some of the pressure groups are either formed by leaders of political parties or led by
them.
Any three points 3x1=3
23. In actual life, we find that democracy does not lead to just distribution of goods and
opportunities.
Arguments:
1. Although individuals have political equality, we find growing economic inequalities.
2. A small number of ultra-rich enjoy a highly disproportionate show of wealth and incomes.
3. The income of those at the bottom of the society is declining so much so that it becomes
difficult to meet their basic needs, such as food, clothing, housing etc.
4. Although the poor constitute a large proportion of voters, yet democratically elected
governments do not provide them opportunities on equal footing. 3x1=3
Note : If a candidate writes ‘yes’ to the answer, he/she has to give appropriate arguments
like the effects of fundamental Rights etc.
24. Suitable Arguments:
1. As people get some benefits of democracy, they ask for more.
2. People always come up with more expectations from the democratic set up.
3. They also have complaints against democracy.
4. More and more suggestions and complaints by the people is also a testimony to the
success of democracy.
5. A public expression of dissatisfaction with democracy shows the success of the
democratic project.
Any three points 3x1=3
145
25. Broad Guidelines
1. The changes in laws should be carefully devised.
2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics.
3. Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practices.
4. Any proposal for political reforms should think not only about what is good solution but
also about who will implement it and how?
Any three points 3x1=3
26. Following factors have enabled globalisation in India :
1. Improvement in Transportation - This has made much faster the delivery of goods across
long distances possible at lower costs.
2. Improvement in Information and Technology : It has played a major role in spreading
out production of services across countries. Telecommunication facilities are used to
contact one another around the world to access information instantly and to
communicate from remote areas.
Computers have now entered almost every field of activity. Internet also allows us to
send instant electronic mail across the world at negligible costs.
3. Liberalisation : Nations have removed the barriers to foreign trade and foreign
investment and thus promoted and facilitated globalisation.
4. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be described 3x1=3
27. 1 An MNC operates in more than one nation.
2. They bring latest technology.
3. MNCs have huge financial resources.
4. The most common route for MNC investment is to buy up local companies and then to
expand production.
5. MNCs have tremendous power to determine price, quality, delivery and labour
conditions for these distant producers.
6. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be highlighted 3x1=3
28. Consumer is exploited when traders :
1. Charge higher prices.
2. Follow unfair trade practices
3. Weigh less than they should.
4. Sell Adulterated goods.
146
5. Sell Defective goods.
6. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained 3x1=3
29. Consumer has following rights:
1. Right to Safety : The consumer has the right to be protected against the marketing of
goods which have hazards to health, life and property.
2. Right to be informed : Consumer has the right to know important facts and information
about the goods and services they purchase.
3. Right to choose : The consumer has the right to buy the product of his choice.
4. Right to seek Redressal : The consumer has the right to seek redressal against
unfair trade practices or exploitation.
5. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained 3x1=3
30. Measures & practices introduced by revolutionaries :
1. The ideas of la-patrie & le-citoyen emphasised the nation of united community enjoying
equal rights under the constitution.
2. New French flag, the tricolour was chosen to replace the former royal standard
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the
National Assembly.
4. New hymns were composed and martyrs commemorated.
5. Internal customs and duties were abolished.
6. Uniform system of weights and measures were adopted.
7. Regional dialects were discouraged and French was written & spoken in Paris.
8. Any other relevant points.
Any four points to be explained 4x1=4
OR
Hoa Hao movement : The founder of this movement was a man called Huynh Phu
So. His Contribution :
1. He was always helpful to the poor people.
2. His criticism against useless expenditure had a wide appeal.
3. He also opposed the sale of girl brides.
4. He opposed gambling and use of alcohol and opium.
5. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained 1+3=4
147
31. Features of Civil Disobedience movement
1. The countrymen broke the salt law.
2. They made salt and demonstrated in front of Govt. salt factories.
3. Foreign clothes were boycotted.
4. Liquor shops were picketed.
5. Peasants refused to pay the land revenue.
6. Village officials resigned from their jobs.
7. People violated forest laws.
8. Any other relevant point.
Any four points to be explained 4x1=4
32. Physiographic Factors:
1. Northern plains are vast level land. They provide the most favourable conditions to lay
down railway tracks.
2. In the hilly terrains of the peninsular region railway tracks are laid through low hills
gaps, which increase the cost of construction of railway tracks.
3. Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable for the construction of railway lines
due to high relief and sparse population.
4. Desert region of western Rajasthan does not allow to develop railway lines in thar
region.
5. Swamps of Gujarat, forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa and
Jharkhand are also not suited to construct railway lines.
Any two 2x1=2
OR
Economic Factors:
1. Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers.
2. Northern plains have high population density and rich agricultural resources.
3. Plateau region of Chhota Nagpur is rich in mineral resources. As a result railway tracks
are spread over the region.
4. Industrial regions of the country directly linked with railway lines.
5. Any other relevant point.
Any two points are to be explained 2x1=2
33. Reasons :
If there are no political parties in a democracy then :
1. Every candidate in the elections will be independent.
2. No one will make promises to the people about any major policy change.
3. The government may be formed, but its utility will remain uncertain.
148
4. Elected representatives will be accountable to their constituency only or locality only.
5. No one will be accountable to the nation as a whole.
Any three points 3x1=3
34. Formal credit sector is known as organised sector. This sector provides loan at low rate of
interest. This sector is supervised and controlled by Reserve Bank of India. It mainly includes
:
1. Commercial Banks : Banks accept deposits from the Public, Banks maintain
minimum cash balance out of the deposits they receive. The balance of cash is used
by banks to lend loans.
2. Cooperative Society : This is another form of formal credit in India. They accept
deposits from their members and provide loans to them.
3. Any other relevant point : Informal credit sectors in India include credit given by
unorganised sectors. These sectors meet the credit needs of poor households. They
charge high interest rates. There is no organisation which supervises and controls the
lending activities of informal sector. The main informal credit sources are :
Any two points for each
1. Local Money lenders.
2. Traders
3. Employers
4. Relatives and Friends etc.
5. Any other relevant point.
2+2=4
149
35/35(OR) Please see the map above.
For blind candidates only :
35.1 Madras
35.1 Champaran (Bihar)
36/36(OR) (a) Please see the map above.
(A) CHAMPARAN
(ii) CHAURICHAURA
(i) KHEDA
(B)
MADRAS
Question No. 35
and 35 (OR)
150
(C)
SILCHER
(A)
(B)
(36.1)
NARORA
(36.2)
SURAT
(36.3)
PARADIP
BAILA DILA
MYSORE
Question No. 36
and 36 (OR)
For Blind Candidates only.
36.1 Silchar
36.2 Uttar Pradesh
36.3 Orissa

Forests and wildlife Resources -ch-2-geography

2010-09-09T19:04:00.003+05:30

FOREST AND WILD LIFE RESOURCES
New Term: Biodiversity/Biological diversity : Rich wildlife and cultivated speices, diverse in form &function but closely integrated in a system through multiple network of interdependencies.
In this planet we share immense biodiversity.
‘We human beings along with all living organisms form a complex web of ecological system in which we are only a part and very much dependent on this system for our very existence.’ Justify the statement with the help of examples.
Examples: a) the plants, animals and micro organisms re-create the quality of air we breath, the water we drink, the soil that produces our food .
b) Forests play a very key role in the ecological system as these are also the primary producers on which all other living being are dependent.
FLORA AND FAUNA IN INDIA.
India is one of the world’s richest countries in terms of biological diversity & has nearly 8% of the total number of species in the world which are estimated to be 1.6 million.
These flora and fauna are so well integrated in our daily life and are taken for granted by us. Lately, they have been under great stress mainly due to our insensitivity to our environment.
It is estimated that at least 10% of India’s recorded wild flora & 20% of its mammals are on the threatened list. Many of these are categorized as ‘critical’ i.e., on the verge of extinction like Cheetah, pink-headed duck, mountain quail, forest spotted owlet and plants like madhuca insignis( a wild variety of mahua) & hubbardia heptaneuron( a species of grass).
Do you know? Among the larger animals in India 79 species of mammals, 44 birds, 15 of reptiles and 3 of amphibians are threatened.
Nearly 1,500 plant species are considered endangered.
Vanishing forests:
--The forest cover in the country is estimated tobe 637,293sq km, which is 19.39% of the total geographical area. Dense forest:11.48%, open forest: 7.76%; mangrove:0.15%.
--According to the state Forest Report-1999, the dense forest cover has increased by 10,098 sq km since 1997. This increase is due to the plantation by different agencies.& also Report does not differentiate between natural forests and plantations therefore these reports fail to deliver the accurate information.
DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF EXISTING PLANTS AND ANIMALS SPECIES,.-based on the International Union for Conservation of Natural Resources-(IUCN)
We can classify as following:
1.Normal species: species whose population levels are considered to be normal their survival, such as cattle, sal, pine, rodents, etc.
2.Endangered species: these are the species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is difficult if the negative factors that have led to their decline continue to operate. Example: black buck, crocodile, Indian wild ass, Indian rhino, lion, tailed macaque, sangai( brow anter deer in Manipur) etc.
3. Vulnerable species: species whose population has declined to levels from where it is likely to move into the endangered category in the near future if the negative factors continue to operate. Examples: blue sheep, Asiatic elephant, Gangetic dolphin, etc.
4.Rare species: species with small population may move into the endangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operate. The examples: Himalayan brown, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hornbill,etc.
5.Endemic species: these species are only found in some particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriers.
Example: Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunchal Pradesh.
6.Extinct species: these are not found after searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct from a local area, region, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples: Asiatic cheetah, pink head duck.
ASIATIC Cheetah:
-- world’s fastest land mammal is a unique and specialized member of cat family and can move at the speed of 112 km/hr.
--Cheetah is often mistaken for a leopard but has distinguishing marks are the long tear dropped shaped lines on each side of the nose from corner of its eyes to its mouth.
--prior to 20th century Cheetah’s were widely distributed in Asia & Africa, today i.e is nearly extinct due to decline in habitat and prey.
--the species were declared extinct in India long back in 1952.
Q what are the negative factors that are causing depletion of flora & fauna?
The greatest damage inflicted on Indian forests was by the colonial period due to the expansion of the railways , commercial & scientific forestry and mining activities.
2. Agricultural expansion is one of the major causes of depletion of forest resources. As per Forest Servey of India. between 1951-1980 over 26.200 sq.km of the forest area was converted into agricultural land all over India.
3. Tribal belts especially in North- Eastern & central India, have been deforested or degrated by shifting cultivation (jhum), a type of 'slash and burn' agriculture.
4.Large-scale development projects have also contributed significantly to the loss of forests.
Since 1951, over 5,000 sq.km of forests have been cleared for river valley projects, and it is still being continued like the Narmada Sagar Project in MP, which would inundate 40,000 hectares of forests.
5.Mining is another important factor behind deforestation.
Example--The Buxa Tiger Reserve in West Bengal is seriously threatened by the ongoing dolomite mining & it has disturbed natural habitat of many species and blocked the migration route of several others, including the great Indian Elephant.
6.Many environmentalists hold the view that the greatest degrading factors behind the depletion of forests is the grazing & fuel-wood collection & the substantial part of the fuel-fodder demand is met by lopping rather than by felling entire trees.
7. Forest ecosystems are the repositaries of the country's most valuable forests products, minerals and others resources that meet the demand of the rapidly expanding industrial-urban economy.
Q Are the colonial policies to be blamed for the depletion of flora & fauna?
Some environmentalists say that the promotion of few favoured species in many parts of India-termed as "enrichment plantation", in which single commercially valuable speices was extensively planted and other species eliminated.for EXAMPLE: Teakmonocutural has damaged the natural forests in South India and Chir Pine( Pinusroxburghii) plantations in the Himalayas have replaced the Himalays oak and Rhododendron forests.
The Himalayan Yew
It is a medicinal plant found in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh.
--a chemical compound called 'taxol' is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs and roots of this tree, and it has been been successfully used to treat some cancers, and the drug is now the biggest selling anti-cancer drug in the world.
-- the species are under great threat due to over exploitation.
--lately thousands of trees have dried up.
Q. What are the important factors /causes of environmental degration?
--Habitat destruction, hunting, poaching, over-exploitation, environmental pollution, poisioning and forest fires are the factors which have led to decline in India's biodiversity.
--unequal access, inequitable consumption of resources and differential sharing of responsibility for environmental well-being.
--over-population in third-world countries is often cited as another cause.
Q 'The destruction of forests and wildlife is not just a biological issue. The biological loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity.' Discuss/ justify.
Destruction of forests and wildlife - a biological is a loss.
Such loss is strongly correlated with the loss of cultural diversity because
-- such losses have increasingly marginalised & impoverished many indigenous & other forest- resources-dependent communities, who directly depend on various components of the forests and wildlife for food, drink, medicine, culture, spirituality ect.
--within the poor, women are affected more than men.In many societies, women bear the major responsiblity of collection of fuel, fodder, water and other basic subsistence needs.As these resources are depleted the condition of women worsens as sometimes they have to walk a lot of distance to collect these resources., which in turn causes serious health problems for women and negligence of home and children because of increased hours of work which often have social implications.
-- the indirect impact of degration such as severe drought or deforestation-induced floods,ect. also hits the poor the hardest.
--Poverty in these cases is a direct outcome of envrionmental destruction.
Thus forest & wildlife, are vital to the quality of life and environment in the subcontinent.
Conservation of forest and wildlife resources in India.
In the background of rapid decline in wildlife population and forestry has become essential. we need to conserve forests because:
1. conservation preserves the ecological diversity and our life support systems-water,air and soil.
2. it also preserves the genetic diversity of plants and animals for better growth of species and breeding. for example, in agriculture we are still dependent on traditional crop varities.
3. Fisheries too are heavily dependent on the maintenance of aquatic biodiversity.
4. central govt. has also announced several projects forprotecting specific animals, which were gravely threatened, includind the tiger, one horned rhinoceros, the kashmir stag or hangul, three types of crocodiles- fresh water crocodiles, salt water crocodile and the gharial, the Asiatic lion and the others.
Most recently the indian elephant, black buck(chinkara) the great indian bustard(godawan) and the snow leopard etc. have been given full or partial legal protection against hunting and trade throughout india.
PROJECT TIGER:
Tiger is one of the key wildlife speciesin the faunal web.
--in 1973 the authorities realised that its population was dwindling and that there is major threat to tiger population. 1973' Project Tiger' was launched.
There are 27 tiger reserves in India.
Corbett National park in Uttaranchal, Sunderbans in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh in MP, Sariska wildlife sactuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in kerala are some of the tiger reserves in India.
--Threat to tiger population is from:poaching for trade, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, growing human population, etc.
--the trade of tiger skins and the use of their bones in traditional medicines, especially in the Asian countries left the tiger population on the verge of extinction
India and Nepal provide habitate to two-third of tiger population and have become prime targets for poaching and illegal trading.

TYPES AND DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES
In India much of forest and wildlife resources are owned or managed through the Forest Department or other government departments. These are classified under the following categories:

. Reserved and protected forests are also referred to as permanent forest estates
Maintained for the purpose of producing timber and other forest produce and for protective reasons

Blue Print of Sample paper-SA-1-2010

2010-08-16T21:34:00.004+05:30

SOCIAL SCIENCE SYLLABUS
CLASS XTime : 3 hours Maximum Marks : 80
TERM-I (1st April 2010 - 30th September 2010)UNIT 1 - HISTORY : India and the Contemporary World II
Sub-Unit 1.2 Economies and Livelihood
(ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)
4 Industrialization 1850s-1950s (Chapter 4)
5 Urbanization and Urban lives (Chapter 5)
6 Trade and Globalization (Chapter 6)
Sub-Unit 1.3 Culture, identity and Society
(ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWIG )
7 Print culture and nationalization (Chapter 7)
8 History of the Novel (Chapter 8)
UNIT 2 - GEOGRAPHY : India-Land and People
1 Resources (Chapter 1)
2 Natural Resources (Chapter 1)
3 Forest and Wildife Resources (Chapter 2)
4 Water Resources (Chapter 3)
5 Agriculture (Chapter 4)
UNIT 3 - POLITICAL SCIENCE : DEMOCRATIC POLITICS II
1 Power sharing mechanism in Democracy(Chapter 1 and 2)
2 Working of Democracy (Chapter 3 and 4)
UNIT 4 - ECONOMICS : UNDERSTANDING ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT - II
1 The story of Development (Chapter 1)
2 The role of Service Sector in Indian Economy (Chapter 2)

Social Science
Sample question paper
Summative Assessment I
(October-2010)
Class X
Time: 3hours M.M.: 80Instructions :
1. The question paper has 36 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.
2. Marks are indicated against each question.
3. This question paper consist of two parts i.e. Part I and Part II. Part I of the question paper contains Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) from serial Number 1 to 16 of 1 mark each. These sixteen questions of Part I are to be answered on a separate sheet provided. This part has to be completed in first 30 minutes only and the answer sheet must be handed over to the invigilator before starting Part II.
4. In Part II, there are twenty questions from serial no. 17 to 36 which are to be attempted in 2hours and 30 minutes. This part should be attempted the stipulated only after time given for Part I.
5. Questions from serial number 17 to 31 are 3 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 80 words each
6. Questions from serial number 32 to 35 are 4 marks questions. Answer of these questions should not exceed 100 words each
7. Question number 36 is a map question of 4 marks from Geography only. After completion, attach the map inside your answer book.
Part I
1. In which one of the following years Great Depression occurred in the world?
(a) 1929-30 (b) 1935-36 (c) 1939-40 (d) 1941-42
OR
Who, among the following, improved the steam engine produced by New common?
(a) Mathew Boulton (b) James Walt (c) Henry Ford (d) Grahm Bell 1
OR
Which one of the following is correct about the Annual London Season?
(a) It was meant for wealthy Britishers only.
(b) Organised for an elite group of 300-400 families.
(c) Several cultural events were organised.
(d) All the above 1
2. Which one of the following groups of the countries was known as the 'Central powers' in Europe?
(a) Germany, Russia & France
(b) Russia, Germany & Britain
(c) Germany, Austria-Hungary and Ottoman-Turkey
(d) None of the above
OR
Which of the following group of industries was the dynamic industries of England during its earliest phase of industrialization?
(a) Cotton and metals
(b) Cotton and silk
(c) Silk and footwears
(d) Footwear and glass 1
OR
After reclamation how many islands were joined together to develop the city of Bombay
(Mumbai)?
(a) Seven ( b) Five (c) Three (d) Ten
3. Who among the following developed the first known printing press in the 1430s?
(a) Johann Gutenburg (b) James Watt (c) New Common (d) Marconi
OR
Who among the following is the author of the novel 'Hard Times'?
(a) Leo Tolstoy (b) Thomas Hardy (c) Charles Dickens (d) Samuel Richardson 1
4. The first printing press came to India with which one of the following?
(a) Portuguese Missionaries (b) Catholic Priests
(c) Dutch protestants (d) East India Company 1
OR

Who among the following is the author of the novel 'Pariksha Guru'?
(a) Prem Chand
(b) Srinivas Das
(c) Devki Nandan Khatri
(d) Chandu Menon 1
5. Which one of the following soil types is the most widely spread and important soil in India.
(a) Laterite soils (b) Black soils
(c) Alluvial soils (d) Red and yellow soils 1
6. In which one of the following states, Corbett National Park is located?
(a) Assam (b) Madhya pradesh
(c) Rajasthan (d) Uttarakhand 1
7. On which one of the following rivers Sardar Sarovar Dam is built?
(a) River Kaveri (b) River Krishna
(c) River Narmada (d) River Satluj 1
8. In which one of the following crops, India is the leading producer and exporter in the world?
(a) Jute (b) Tea
(c) Coffee (d) Rubber 1
9. Which of the following minority communities is relatively rich and powerful in Belgium?
(a) French (b) Dutch
(c) German (d) English 1
10. What is the %age of Sinhala speaking in Srilanka? Choose the correct option from the
following:
(a) 58 (b) 74 (c) 65 (d) 82 1
11. Which one of the following countries fall in the category of 'coming together federation'?
(a) India (b) US
(c) Spain (d) Belgium 1
12. Which one of the following does not come under the purview of 'family laws'?
(a) Matters related to marriage
(b) Matters related to divorce
(c) Matters related to adoption
(d) Matters related to robbery 1

13. Among the following criteria which one is the basis to measure the development of a country according to the World Bank
(a) Per Capita income
(b) Literacy Rate
(c) Gross Enrolment ratio
(d) Life expectancy 1
14. Which one among the following is a development goal common to all?
(a) Freedom
(b) Equal opportunities
(c) Security and respect
(d) High levels of income and better quality of life 1
15. Which one of the following occupation is not associated with primary sector
(a) Basket weaver
(b) Gardener
(c) Potter
(d) Priest 1
16. Which one among the following is the most appropriate meaning of Underemployment?
(a) Workers are not paid for their work
(b) Workers are working less than what they are capable of doing
(c) Workers are working in a lazy manner
(d) Workders do not want to work 1

17. Explain the impact of Great depression of 1929 on the Indian economy giving three
points. 3x1=3
OR
Explain any three problems faced by the cotton weavers in India during mid 19th
century. 3x1=3
OR
Explain any three reasons for the expansion of Bombay's (Mumbai's) population in mid 18th century. 3x1=3
18. "Access to books created a new culture of reading." Support the statement giving
three examples". 3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of women writers on the writing of novels in India.3x1=3

19. Explain how Martin Luther spoke in praise of print. 3x1=3

OR
Explain the contribution of Prem Chand in the field of novel writing. 3x1=3
20. Explain giving three points how did the print culture develop in India? 3x1=3
OR
Explain the contribution of Rokeya Hossein in the field of education and literature.
3x1=3
21. What is resource planning? Why is the planning of resource essential? Explain any two
reasons. 1+2=3
22. Why do we need to conserve our forests and wildlife resources? Explain any three reasons.
3x1=3
23. Why is the scarcity of water increasing day by day in India? Explain any three reasons.
3x1=3
24. Mention any three provisions of the Act which was passed in Sri Lanka in 1950 to establish Sinhala supremacy 3x1=3
25. Explain overlapping and cross cutting social differences. 1½+1½=3
26. Explain any three factors that determine the outcome of politics of social division. 3
27. State any three facts to show that the women face disadvantage and discrimination in our patriarch society. 3
28. Explain any three different bases of comparison of economic development of different nations / states. 3x1=3
29. Describe any three public facilities needed for development. 3x1=3
30. Explain any three types of unemployment found in India. 3x1=3
31. "Workers are exploited in unorganized sectors in India". Support the statement with suitable examples. 3x1=3
32. Explain the effects of coming of rinderpest to Africa during the close of 19th century.
4x1=4
OR
Explain giving four reasons why did the industrialists of Europe prefer hand labour over
machines during the 19th century. 4x1=4
Or
Why did well off Londoners support the need for building houses for the poor in 19th century?
Explain in four points. 4x1=4
33. What is the main contribution of agriculture to the national economy? Explain any three steps
taken by the Government of India to modernize agriculture. 1+3=4
34. Explain any four features of federalism. 4x1=4
10
35. How can more employment be created in rural areas? Explain with the help of four suitable
examples. 4x1=4
36. Three features with serial number 1 to 3 are marked on the given political outline map of
India. Identify these features with the help of the following information and their correct names on the lines marked in the Map. 3x1=3
1. Soil type
2. Tiger Reserve
3. The leading coffee producing state
OR
Locate and label the following items with appropriate symbols on the same Map.
1. Hirakud Dam
2. Sunderbans national park
3. The largest producing state of Bajra
Note : The following question is for the Visual impaired Candidates only, in lieu of Q.No. 36
36.1 What is the colour of the arid soils
36.2 Name the Tiger Reserve of Kerala.
36.3 In which state 'Bhairodev Dakar Sonchuri' is developed for protecting the wildlife?
3x1=3

Social Science
Marking Scheme
Class X
Part I
1. (a) or (b) or (d)
2. (c) or (a) or (a)
3. (a) or (c)
4. (a) or (b)
5. (c) 6. (d)
7. (c) 8. (b)
9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (d)
15. (d) 16. (b)
Part II
17. i. The depression affected Indian trade.
ii. Indian imports as well as exports almost halved between 1928 and 1934.
iii. As international prices crashed, prices in India also plunged.
iv. Wheat prices fell by 50%
v. Although agricultural prices fell sharply yet the colonial govt. refused to reduce revenue
demands.
vi. The prices of raw jute also crashed to about 60%.
vii. The peasants were under heavy indebtedness.
viii. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
OR
i. The export market collapsed and the local market shrunk.
ii. Imported cotton goods were cheaper and Indian weavers could not compete with
them.
iii. Procuring raw cotton of good quality was very difficult because the prices were very
high.
iv. The market was flooded with machine made goods.
13
v. Any other relevant point.
Any three points. 3x1=3
OR
i. Bombay (Mumbai) developed into the biggest sea port along the Arabian sea coast.
ii. It became the capital of Bombay Presidency.
iii. Large number of cotton textile industries sprang up which attracted lot of labour.
iv. It became the centre of film industry.
v. It provided direct sea link with Europe.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(Any three points to be explained which attracted population to the city) 3x1=3
18. i. Before the printing press the reading of books was restricted to the elites only.
ii. With the printing press a new reading public emerged.
iii. Books reached to the wider section of the public.
iv. With the print the hearing public changed into a reading public.
v. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
OR
i. In the earlier stages women began writing stories, poems etc.
ii. In early 20th century, women in South India began writing novels.
iii. Their writings allowed for a new conception of womanhood.
iv. Stories of love showed women who could choose or refuse, their partners and
relationships.
v. Some women authors wrote about the women who changed the world of both men
and women.
vi. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
19. i. Martin Luther wrote 95 theses criticizing many of the practices and ritual of the Roman
Catholic Church.
ii. Luther's writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
iii. This led to a division within the church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation
iv. Luther's translation of the New Testament sold 5000 copies within a few weeks.
v. Deeply grateful to print, Luther said, "printing is the ultimate gift of God and the greatest
one."
vi. Any other relevant point.
14
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
OR
i. Prem Chand's novels are filled with all kinds of powerful Characters drawn from all
levels of society.
ii. The women characters are also strong individuals.
iii. Prem Chand's characters create a community based on democratic values.
iv. Prem Chand's best known work is 'Godan'.
v. It is an epic of Indian peasantry.
vi. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
20. i. The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries in the mid 16th
century.
ii. By 1674 about 50 books had been printed in Konkani and Kanara languages.
iii. Catholic priests first printed Tamil books in 1579 at Cochin.
iv. In 1713 first Malayalam book was printed.
v. English writing developed much after the coming of English East India Company.
vi. Then Indians began publishing Indian newspapers.
vii. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
Or
i. Rokeya Hossein was a social reformer.
ii. She started a school for girls in Calcutta (Kolkata).
iii. She wrote satiric fantasy in English.
iv. It shows the world in which women will take the place of men.
v. Her novel 'Padamarag' shows the need for women to reform their conditions
themselves.
vi. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
21. Resource Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. 1
Reasons
1. Resources are unevenly distributed over the country.
2. Some regions are rich in certain types of resources but are deficient in some other
resources.
3. There are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources.
4. Resources are limited.
15
5. Resource planning helps in reducing wastage.
6. Resource planning takes care of future generation.
7. Any other relevant point.
Any two points to be explained. 1+2=3
22. Need to conserve forest and wild life resources :
1. Rapid decline in forests and wildlife population.
2. Conservation maintains the ecological balance
3. Forest depletion accelerates soil erosion.
4. Conservation is needed to protect wildlife because wildlife is threatened by man's
intervention.
5. They provide economic benefits.
6. Any other relevant point.
(Any three reasons to be explained) 3x1=3
23. Reasons of scarcity of water :
1. Rapidly growing population.
2. Rising demand of food and cash crops.
3. Water resources are being over exploited to expand irrigated areas and dry seasons
agriculture.
4. Industrialisation
5. Any other relevant reason.
(Any three reasons to be explained) 3x1=3
24. a. Sinhala to be the official language of Srilanka
b. Preferential policy of Sinhalese in government educational institutions and jobs
c. To foster Buddhism
d. Any other relevant point 3x1=3
Any three points.
25. Social divisions take place when some social difference overlaps with other differences, the
difference between blacks and whites become a social division in the US because they tend
to be poor, homeless and discriminated against. If social differences cross cut one another, it
is difficult to pit one group of people against the other. Consider the cases of Northern Ireland
and the Netherlands. Both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics and
Protestants. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap with each other. If you are Catholic,
you are also likely to be poor and you may have suffered a history of discrimination. In the
Netherlands, class and religion tend to cut across each other. Catholics and Protestants are
about equally likely to be poor or rich. The result is that Catholics and Protestants have had
conflicts in Northern Ireland, while they do not do so in the Netherlands. Overlapping social
16
differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions. Cross-cutting social
differences are easier to accommodate.
26. a. First of all, the outcome depends on how people perceive their identities. If people
see their identities in singular, it becomes difficult to accommodate.
b. Secondly, it depends on how political leaders raise the demands of any community. It
is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and
are not at the cost of another community.
c. Thirdly, it depends on how the govt. reacts to the demands of different groups. Minorities
should also be taken care of with the majority.
27. i. The literacy rate among women is only 54% as compared to 76% among men.
ii. Proportion of women among the highly paid and valued jobs is still very small.
iii. The Equal Wages Act provides that equal wages should be paid to equal work but in
practice it is not so.
iv. Parents in majority still prefer to have sons and find ways to have the girl child aborted.
Any three points. 3x1=3
28. Following indicators are generally used for comparison of economic development of different
nations / states :
i. Per capita income : It helps in comparison of the level of development of different
regions within the country or different nations.
ii. Infant Mortality rate : It refers to deaths among children before the age of one year
per thousand children born in a year.
iii. Literacy rate : It measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above
age group.
iv. Life expectancy : Average expected length of life of a person.
v. Gross enrolment ratio : For three levels for primary, secondary and higher
education.
vi. Persons living below poverty line (any three) measuring through income and expenditure
method.
Any three points. 3x1=3
29. Public facilities refer to facilities, which a person cannot arrange at individual level, these are
provided by government. Following are the main public facilities:
i. Pollution free environment
ii. Good infrastructure like roads, transport etc.
iii. Collective security for the whole locality
iv. Opening schools, colleges and hospitals
v. Taking preventive steps from infectious diseases
vi. Provision for safe drinking water, sanitation facilities etc.
17
vii. Provision for public distribution system (or any other relevant points)
Any three points to be described. 3x1=3
30. The three types of unemployment found in India are :
i. Disguised unemployment
ii. Seasonal unemployment
iii. Structural unemployment
iv. Cyclical unemployment
v. Technological unemployment
(Explain any three) 3x1=3
31. i. Workers are paid less wages, there is no job security,
ii. Working conditions are poor.
iii. They have to work for long hours.
They can be protected by making some rules and regulations by the government.3x1=3
32. i. Rinderpest was carried by infected cattle imported by British Asia to feed the Italian
soldiers invading Eritrea in East Africa.
ii. Rinderpest spread like forest fire.
iii. Within few years it affected the whole of Africa killing 90% of the cattle.
iv. The loss of cattle forced the Africans into the labour market.
v. The scarce resources were under the European colonizers who conquered and
subdued Africa
vi. Any other relevant point
Any four points to be explained. 4x1=4
OR
i. There was no shortage of labour at that period of time.
ii. Installation of machinery required large capital investment which the industrialists did
not want to invest.
iii. In seasonal industries only seasonal labour was required
iv. Intricate designs and different samples required human skills only.
v. In Victorian age - the aristocrats and other upper class people preferred articles made
by hand.
vi. Any other relevant point.
(any four points to the explained) 4x1=4
OR
i. Living in unhygienic slums was very dangerous for the poor.
ii. Slums were also harmful not to the slum dwellers but also to the general public.
18
iii. In slums there was always fear of fire hazards.
iv. After the Russian revolution of 1917, it was felt that the people who are slum dwellers
may not rebel.
v. Any other relevant point
(any four points) 4x1=4
33. Contribution of agriculture
Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. Its share in providing employment
and livelihood to the population continues to be as high as 63 per cent in 2001.
Steps taken by the Government.
1. Indian Council of Agricultural Research established.
2. Agricultural Universities are established.
3. Veterinary services are provided.
4. Animal breeding centre are opened.
5. Infrastructure like roads, electricity cold storage etc is being developed.
6. Development in the field of meteorology and weather forecast were given priority.
7. Any other relevant point.
Any three points to be explained. 3x1=3
34. a. There are two or more levels of government.
b. The jurisdiction of the respective tiers of government are specified in the constitution.
c. Courts have the power to interpret the constitution and powers of different levels of
government.
d. Sources of revenue of each level of government are specified to ensure its financial
autonomy. 4x1=4
35. More employment in rural areas can be created by :
a. Constructing dams, canals or digging wells in villages.
b. Creating storage facilities and providing transport services.
c. Agro based industries can be set up in rural areas or semi belts.
d. Construction of schools.
e. Making provision for education and health service in rural belts can also result in
employments.
f. Promoting rural crafts and rural tourism is also an employment generation proposal.
19
36. See attached map for answer
For Blind Candidates
36.1 Varies from red to brown
36.2 Periyar
36.3 Rajasthan
Map Work (Question No. 36 & 36 (or)
FOREST AND
MOUNTAINOUS SOIL 1
c
RAJASTHAN
a
HIRAKUD
b
SUNDER
BAN
NATIONAL
PARK
3
KARNATAKA
2
PERIYAR

weightage for SA-1 2010

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Anwering the queries--holidays. hw

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Harshit I would appreciate if u would consult other sources too as internet, news papres etc. n collect more information n pictures.

Anuj-- u can choose any of the given topics but as i stated above try other sources too..
Saurabh--
u r to do projects given in the HW. only.

Assignment -Work , life& leisure

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Q1. Define metropolises, urbanisation,tenement,chawls, presidency cities, individualism.
Q2.Name the cities which firest appeared near river valleyes.
Q3. Name early cities of Britain.
Q4.Name 5 major industries of London which employed lare number of people?
Q5.why crime was flourishing in London cities?
Q6.Why were 'workers' mass housing schemes were planned in London?
Q7. Which was the premier city of India?
Q8. Which was the world's first largest city?
Q9. Where was first cotton textile mill established in India?
Q10. Which was first Indian movie?
Q11. Who made Raja Harishchandra?
3-4 marks questions
Q1. Write a short note on condition of children in London city.
Q2.What were the reasons of concern to house poor in London city?
Q3.What steps were taken to clean up London city?
Q4. What were the positive and negative results of introduction of underground railways?
Q5. List social changes that were the result of development of cities.
Q6. Short notes on :
a)Family life in 19th and 20th century London.
b)bloody sunday of November 1887.
c)Haussmanisation of Paris
d)Lee Kuan Yew's Singapore
e)'Mayapuri'- city of dreams.
Q7.What were the causes of increasing population in Bombay city in 19th and 20th c.?
Q8.Why Bombay could not accomodate its population or
Bombay did not grow according to any plan. Why?
Q9.What were the living conditions of people living in 'chawls'?
Q10.Who was Jobber?
Q11.What were various sources of entertainment for people living in Bombay?
Q12.Write about state of depressed classes.
Q13.How was land reclaimed in Bombay city ? Mention projects undertaken.
Q14.List challenges to the environment as a result of development of cities.
Q15. What steps were taken to control pollution in the cities?

Syllabus-Term-I 2010

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Class X
UNIT 1- HISTORY: India and the Contemporary World II
Term 1
Sub- Unit 1.2 Economies and Livelihood
(ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)
4 Industrialization 1850s-1950s (Chapter 4)
5 Urbanization and Urban lives (Chapter 5)
6 Trade and Globalization (Chapter 6)
Sub- Unit 1.3 Culture, Identity and Society
(ANY ONE OF THE FOLLOWING)
7 Print culture and nationalization (Chapter 7)
8 History of the Novel (Chapter 8)
UNIT 2 (GEOGRAPHY): India- Land and People
Term 1
1 Resources (Chapter 1)
2 Natural Resources (Chapter 1)
3 Forest and Wildlife Resources (Chapter 2)
4 Water resources (Chapter 3)
5 Agriculture (Chapter 4)
UNIT 3 (POLITICAL SCIENCE): DEMOCRATIC POLITICS IITerm 1
1 Power sharing mechanism in Democracy (Chapter 1 and 2)
2 Working of Democracy (Chapter 3 and 4)

UNIT 4 (ECONOMICS): Understanding Economic Development- IITerm 1
1 The story of Development (Chapter 1)
2 The role of Service Sector in Indian Economy (Chapter 2)

UNIT 5 - DISASTER MANAGEMENTTerms 1 and 2
Through Project and Assignment in Formative assessment only
1 Tsunami
2 Safer Construction Practices
3 Survival Skills
4 Alternate Communication Skills
5 Sharing Responsibility

Anwesr to question asked-Arush/oas

2010-03-02T22:40:00.003+05:30

Q.Why were housing schemes planned in London in 20th C?
–With industrial revolution people began pouring and factory owners did not have houses for them
--vast mass of one room houses for poor were serious threat to public health—were badly ventilated & lacked sanitation.
--worries of fire hazards
- -fear of social disorder.
--after Russian Revolution of 1917, ‘workers’s mass housing schemes’ were planned to avoid rebellion from poor.—(page-131)

Q. WHY DID TALUKADARS & LANDLORDS REBELLED? Answer- They were rebelling against them as they demanded high rents and variety of other cesses.
Ques-How did Gutenberg develop printing technology?Page 157 , first para.

Answer on page-(51-52) last para, yellow dotted points.
Q.-Who were the jobbers? Explain their functions.
Page-120, 5th line.
He was an old trusted worker who got people
--people from his village , ensured them with jobs
--provided them houses
--gave them money in times of crisis.
Ques-Why is Bombay known as city of dreams? Give 3 points.
Answer—1. Bombay had urbanized and provided lot of job opportunities.
2.--as it was a film city lot of people went to Bombay to be part of it.
2.--Bombay films contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a blend of dream & reality of slums & star bunglows.

Answers to Oas' queries:
Good Evening Mam, Here are my problems-
Q1 Explain-
a) Energy saved is the energy produced.If only we will save non-renewable resources of energy only then we will be able to produce energy in future.( Explain with the help of example and ways.) page-63 last para.

b) 'Tremble,therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!'
-- Explained in the notes.

c) Industrialisation & Urbanisation go hand in hand.--with the setting up of industry, Urbaniastion follows
--basic infra structure develops
-- and generally industries are also located near cities to as cities provide markets and services such as banking insurance, transport and labour.

Q3- Why inter state water dispute are becoming common with regard to sharing the costs & benefits of multipupose projets , if dams are separately constructed in a state?--it is because river generally flow through many regions and many states are benefitted out of it therefore the dispute over sharing of the benefits.

Q4- If agriculture & commerce are state subjects then why do we have ministers of agriculture & commerce in Union Cabinet?It is mainly because India is an agricultural country and agriculture is our major source of income and we do export agricultural products therefore it is of national concern and therefore in the union cabinet.

Q6- Why Hindi was given the status of official language ?
--it is a mother tongue of 40% of Indians.
MAM DO WE HAVE LEARN ABOUT THE POLITICAL PARTIES GIVEN IN CH-6 ON PGS 80 & 81?

best of luck students.

2010-02-25T22:55:00.002+05:30

rate a santa ana doctor

Answer to queries

2010-02-25T22:38:00.002+05:30

siddharth jain here are the answers to you problems:
Q-1 Why people belonging to the same religion often feels that they do not belong to the same community?
--It is because with in their religion their caste or sect is different. Some times they belong to inferior or superior caste ( as in India) or belong to a different religious sect.

Q-2 How did Romanticsm seek to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment during 18th century? Explain.
This question is from chapter 1 of history which we have not done, if you are planning to do it notes are there on the blog.
Q-3 Explain with eg. the role of technology in helping to solve the hardships of food availability throughout the world in the late 19 century?
This question is from chapter 4 of history which we have not done, if you plan to do it answer is on page-83.
Q-4 Explain the social changes in London which led to the need for the underground railways? Why was the development of the underground criticised?--Cleaning of London resulted in shifting of many workers away from the city.
--people could only be persuaded to leave the city if means of travelling to the city for work were there and therefore underground railways were a necessary.
It was criticized as rail compartments were filled with smoke, with fumes from gas lamps and were bad for health.
--it had resulted in massive displacement of the London poor.
--also there was a massive destruction because of construction of underground railways.
Q-5 Why a no. of Bombay films were about the lives of migrants.--because most people in the film industry were themselves migrants, who had come from cities like Lahore, Calcutta, Madras.
--they wanted to show in the movies true problems and life of people.

Q-6 How does the existence of a large urban population affect each of the following
a) a private landlord--now lot of people asked for loans, as migration to cities had resulted in poverty.
b) a police superintendent in charge of law &order-
--as London grew crime flourished, role of police increased- page 129
c) a leader of a political party-many political parties took up cause of terrible poverty. Page—138.

PRINT CULTURE

2010-02-10T22:17:00.002+05:30

Datesheet for Board Exams 2010 - X
05 March--Social science
08 March --German
11 March-- Maths
17 March-- Sanskrit
19 March --Hindi
23 March-- English
26 March --Genreal science
29 March --IT
31 March--Science Practical skills
Posted by lalseema at 7:31 AM 0 comments
Labels: date sheet
Thursday, December 3, 2009

Print Culture Lesson -7(History)
Print technology in East Asia--Japan and China
The earliest kind of print technology was developed in China, Korea and Japan.
--This system was of hand printing.
--From AD594 books in china were printed by rubbing paper against the inked surface of woodblocks.
--there used to be 'accordion book'which used to be folded and stitched at the sides.
--skilled craftsmen would duplicate with remarkable calligraphy.
China
Imperial state and printed books:
1.China for a long time was the major producer of the printed material.
--china had a bureaucratic system which recruited its personanel through civil service examinations and for this examinination textbooks were printed, under the sponsership of the imperial state and this increased the volume of print.
2.Urban and reading culture
--by 17thC urban culture bloomed in China and uses of print increased. Now it was used by scholars-officials, merchants used for trade information,.
--reading became a leisure activity and fictional narratives, poetry, autobiographics, anthologies of masterpieces and romantic plays were published.
--Wives of scholars-officials published their works and courtesans about thier lives.
3. New technology
Western printing techniques and mechanical presses were imported in the late19thC as Western powers established thier outposts in China.
--Shanghai became the hub of print culture, catering to the Western-style schools.
--Now there was a gradual shift from hand printing to mechanical printing.
Print in Japan:
Buddhist missionaries from China introduced hand printing in Japan around 768-770.
--the oldest book printed in AD 868, isThe Buddhist Diamond Sutra , containing six sheets of text and woodcut illustrations.
--pictures were printed on textiles, playing cards and papermoney.
--Poets and prose writers regularly published their works and books were cheap and abundant.
--Prints of visual material led to interesting practices in the 18 thC in the urban circles as at EDO(mordern Tokyo) hadd collections of paintings depicting elegant urban culture, artists, courtesans and tea house gatherings.
--libraries and bookstores were packed with hand-printed material of various types-books on women, musical instruments, calculations, tea ceremony, flower arrangements, proper etiquttes, cooking and famous places.
Print comes to Europe:--In the 11th C Chinese paper reached Europe via silkroute.
--paper made it possible the production of manuscripts, written by scribes.
--in 1295, Marcopolo, returned to Italy with the knowledge of wooden block printing and this technology started spreading from Italy to other parts of Europe.
--luxury editions were still hand written on Vellum( a parchment made from the skin of animals), meant for the aristocratic circles and rich monasteries, who considered these a 'cheap vulgarities.'
--merchants and students in the university towns bought the cheaper printed copies.
Books becoming popular:
As the demand for books increased, booksellers all over Europe began exporting to many different countries.
--Books fairs were held at different places.
--Production of handwritten manuscripts was also organised in new ways as scribes or skilled handwriters were no longer solely employed by the wealthy people but now by booksellers too.

Woodblock printing-it was gradually becoming more popular, woodblocks were widelyused in Europe to print textiles, playing cards and religious pictures with simple brief texts.

New print technology:
A breakthrough occured at Strasbourg, Germany, where Johann Gutenburg developed the first known printing press in 1430's.

Drawbacks/limitations of the manuscripts:--copying was expensive, laborious and time –consuming.
--they were fragile, awkward to handle.
--could not be carried around easily , there circulation was therefore limited.
Gutenburg and the printing press
He was a son of a merchant who became goldsmith and also acquired the expertise to create lead moulds. Drawing this knowledge, he adapted existing technology to design his innovation. The olive press provided the model for the printing press and moulds for casting the metal types for the letters of the alphabet. By 1448, he perfected the system.
--the first book he printed was the Bible and about 180 copies were printed.
Expansion of print--Printed books first closely resembled the written manuscript in appearance and layout.
--metal letters imitated the ornamental handwritten styles .
Borders were illuminated by hand with foliage and other patterns, and illustrations were painted.
--books for rich had black s pace for decoration on the printed space.
--Each purchaser could choose the design and decide for the painting school for illustrations.
2. Between 1450-1550 printing presses were set up in most of the countries of Europe.
--printers from Germany travel to other countries, seeking work and helping start new presses., with this the book production boomed.
--in the second half of the 15th C 20 million copies of printed books were there in markets and the number kept on increasing.
Shift from hand printing to mechanical printing led to the Print revolution.

The Print revolution and its impact—in Europe:
It transformed lives of people, changed their relationships, influenced peoples perceptions and opened new ways of thinking.
--1.Reading public: new reading public emerged.
--printing reduced cost of books.
--multiple copies could be produced with greater ease and now books flooded markets and readership kept on growing.
2.Culture of reading:--earlier books were restricted to elites only and common people lived in the world of’ oral ‘ culture. Knowledge was transferred orally, texts were read out, ballads were recited, folktales narrated.
--now books could reach out to wider sections.
--now there was a transfer from hearing public to reading public.
3. Reaching to the illetrates:
Rates of literacy was very low in Europe till 20thCand very few people would read books.
--Publishers tried various things to persuade the common people to read books, so they began publishing popular ballads, folktales with illustrations, which were sung in the villages and in the Traverns (places where people would gather to drink, eat food with friends) in towns.
4. Oral culture entered print: line that separated oral and reading cultures became blurred. And the hearing public and reading public became intermingled.
Religious debates and fear of print:
Positive effects

--print created the possibility of wide circulation of ideas.-
-introduced a new world of debates and discussions
--Even those who disagreed could now print and could circulate the ideas,
-- Through the printed message, they could persuade people to think differently, and move them to action.
Negative effects:--Not everyone welcomed the printed book and many were apprehensive of the effects that the easier access to the printed word and the wider circulation of books, could have on people’s minds.
--It was feared that if there was no control over what was printed and read then rebellious and irreligious thoughts might spread.
--the authority of ‘valuable’ literature would be destroyed was the Expression of the religious authorities and monarchs.
Effect on Religion-- Martin Luther wrote Ninety Five Theses criticizing many of the practices and rituals of the Roman Catholic Church.
-- It challenged the Church to debate his ideas.
-- Luther’s writings were immediately reproduced in vast numbers and read widely.
--This lead to division within the Church and to the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.
Print and Dissent
Print and popular religious literature stimulated many distinctive individual interpretation of faith even among little educated working people.
-- In the sixteenth century Manocchio, a miller in Italy,. He reinterpreted the message of the Bible and formulated a view of God and Creation that enraged the Roman Catholic Church. When the Roman Church began its Inquisition to repress heretical ideas, Manocchio was executed.
--The Roman Church, troubled by such effects of popular readings and questionings of faith, imposed severe controls over publishers and booksellers and began to maintain an Index of Prohibited Books from 1558.
READING MANIA
Through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries literacy rates went up in most part of Europe.
-- Churches of different denomination set up schools in villages, carrying literacy to peasants and artisans.
-- As literacy and schools spread in European countries, there was a virtual reading mania i.e people wanted books to read and printers produced books in ever-increasing numbers.
--New forms of popular literature appeared in print, targeting new audiences, Book sellers employed peddlers who roamed around villages, carrying little books for sale.
--There were almanacs or ritual calendars, along with ballads and folktales.
-- In France, were the ‘Biliotheque Bleue.’ Which were low priced small books printed on poor quality paper, and bound in cheap blue covers. Then there were the romances, printed on four to six pages,
--and the more substantial ‘histories’ which were stories about the past Books were of various sizes, serving many different purposes and interest.
The periodical press developed from the early eighteenth century, combining information about current affairs with entertainment. Newspapers and journals carried information about wars and trade, as well as news of developments in other places.
--the ideas of scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientists and philosophers now became more accessible to the common people. Ancient and medieval scientific texts were compiled and published, and maps and scientific diagrams were widely printed.( When scientists like Issac Newton began to publish their discoveries, they could influence a much wider circle of scientifically minded readers.)
-- The writings of thinkers such as Thomas Paine, Voltaire and Jean Jacques Rousseau were also widely printed and read. Thus their ideas about science, reason and rationality found their way into popular literature.
TREMBLE, THEREFORE, TYRANTS OF THE WORLD!--Books were a means of spreading progress and enlightenment.
-- Many believed that books could change the world,librate society from despotism and tyranny, and
--books will bring a time when reason and intellect could rule.
-- Louise Sebastien Mercier, a novelist in eighteenth century. ‘The printing press is the most powerful engine of progress and public opinion is the force that will sweep despotism away.’ In many of Mercier’s novels, the heroes are transformed by acts of reading.He proclaimed: “Tremble, therefore, tyrants of the world! Tremble before the virtual writer!’
It meant that rulers, tyrants and despots should fear print as now people could make use of print to express their views, both good & bad against them.
Print culture created the conditions within which French Revolution occurred. Comment
1.Print popularized the ideas of the Enlightenment thinkers collectively, their writings provided a critical commentary on traditions, superstition and despotism.
--they argued for the rule of reason & rationality rather than the custom.
--they attacked the sacred authority of the chruch and despotic power of the state.
--writings of Voltaire and Rousseau were read widely and people who read these books saw world through new eyes--of question, rationality ans criticism.
2.Print created a new culture of dialouge and debate.
All values and norms and institutions were re-evaluat and disscussed by a public
--public recognised the need to question existing ideas and beliefs and with in this print culture, new ideas of social revolution came into being.
3. by the 1780's there was an out pouring of literature that marked the royalty and crticised their morality.
--it questiones existing social order.
--cartoons and caricatures typically suggested that the monarchy remained absorbed only in sesual pleasures while common people suffered hardships.
--litreature led to the growth of hostile sentiments against the monarchy.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY:
was a mass literacy in Europe and large number of new readers were now children, women and workers.
CHILDREN
--Primary education became compulsory and children became an important category of readers.
--production of ext books became critical for the publishing industry.
--chlidren press, devoted to the litreature for children alone was set up in 1857 that published old fairy tales folk tales.
--Grimm Brothers in Germany compiled folk tales gathered from peasants and these were edited & anything that was considered unsuitable for children was not included in the published version.
--rural folk tales acquired new forms.
WOMEN:--they became an important as readers as well as writers.
--penny magazines were especially ment for them, manuals teaching proper behaviour and house keeping.
--novels in the 19th C saw women as important readers. Women novelists as Jane Austen, the Bronte sisters, Gorge Eliot--their writings became impotant in redifing a new type of woman: a person with will, strength of personality, determination and the power to think.
LENDING LIBRARIES:
--Had ben existing since 17th C, and in 19th C became instruments in educating white -collar workers, artisans and lower middle class people.
--after the working day was shortened in mid-18thC, workers had some time for self-expression. They wrote political tracts and autobiograhpies in large numbers.

Further Innovations--By the late eighteenth century the press came to be made out of metal.
-- Through the nineteenth century there were a series of further innovations in printing technology. By the mid-nineteenth century, Richard M.Hoe of New York had perfected the power driven cylindrical press. This was capable of printing 8,000 sheets per hour. This press was particularly useful for printing newspapers.
-- In the late nineteenth century, the offset press was developed with could print up to six colours at a time.
--From the turn of the twentieth century, electrically operated presses accelerated printing operations. A series of other developments followed. Methods of feeding paper improved, the quality of plates became better, automatic paper reels and photoelectric controls of the colour register were introduced. The accumulation of several individual mechanical improvements transformed the appearance of printed texts.
Printers and publishers continuously developed new strategies to sell their product.
a) Nineteenth-century periodicals serialised important novels, which gave birth to a particular way of writing noels.
b) In the 1920s in England popular works were sold in cheap series, called the Shilling Series. The dust cover or the book jacket is also a twentieth-century innovation.
c) With the onset of the Great Depression in the 1930s, publishers feared a decline in book purchases. TO sustain buying they brought out cheap paperback editions.
INDIA

Manuscripts Before the Age of Print--India had a very rich and old tradition of hand written manuscripts a Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, as well as in various vernacular languages.
--Manuscripts were copied on palm leaves or on handmade paper. Pages were sometimes beautifully illustrated.
--They would be either pressed between wooden covers or sewn together to ensure preservation. Manuscripts continued to be produced till well after the introduction of print down to the late nineteenth century.
Manuscripts: negative points
Manuscripts however were highly expensive and fragile.
A) They had to be handled carefully and b)they could not be read easily as the script was written in different styles, so manuscripts were not widely used in everyday life. Even though pre-colonial Bengal had developed an extensive network of village primary schools students very often did not read texts. They only learnt to write. Teachers dictated portions of texts from memory and students wrote them down. Many thus became literate without ever actually reading any kinds of texts.
Print Comes to India
PRINT COMES TO INDIA
--The printing press first came to Goa with Portuguese missionaries n the mid-sixteenth century.
-- Jesuit Priests learnt Konkani and printed several tracts By 1674, about 50 books had been printed in the Konkani and in Kanara languages.
-- Catholic priests printed the first Tamil book in 1579 at Cochin, and in 1713 the first Malayalam book was printed by them
-- By 1710 Dutch Protestant missionaries had printed 32 Tamil Texts many of them translation of older works.
--The English language press did not grow in India till quite late even though the English East India Company began to import presses from the late seventeenth century.
--From 1780, James Augustus Hickey began to edit the Bengal Gazette a weekly magazine that described itself as a commercial paper open to all but influenced by none.
-- Hickey published a lot of advertisements, including those that related to the import and sale of slaves. But he also published a lot of gossip about the Company’s senior official in India. Enraged by this Governor-General Warren Hastings persecuted Hickey and encouraged the publication of officially sanctioned newspapers that could counter the flow of information that damaged the image of the colonial government.
--By the close of the eighteenth century, a number of newspapers and journals appeared in print.
--Indians, too, began to publish Indian newspapers. The first to appear was the weekly Bengal Gazette, brought out by Gangadhar Bhattacharya, who was close to Rammohun Roy.

Religious Reform and Public Debates
Different groups confronted the changes happening within colonial society in different ways and offered a variety of new interpretations of the beliefs of different religions.
--Some criticized existing practices and campaigned for reform while other countered the arguments of reformers.
-- debates were carried out in public and in print.
-- Printed tracts and newspapers not only spread the new ideas, but they shaped the nature of the debate.
-- A wider public could now participate in these public discussions and express their view, new ideas emerged through these clashes of opinions.
Print against Hindu Orthodoxy
1. Hindu orthodoxy over matters like widow immolation, monotheism, Brahmanical priesthood and idolatry,.
2.In Bengal as the debate developed tracts and newspapers proliferated, circulating a variety of arguments.
3. To reach a wider audience, the ideas were printed in the everyday, spoken language of ordinary people, Rammohun Roy published the Sambad Kaumudi from 1821 and the Hindu orthodoxy commissioned the Samachar Chandrika to oppose his opinions.
4. From 1822 two Persian newspapers were published, Ja-i-Jahan Nama and Shamsul Akhbar. In the same year Gujarati newspaper the Bombay Samachar made its appearance.
5. print encouraged the reading of religious texts, especially in the vernacular languages.
EXAMPLES:
a) The first printed edition of the Ramcharitmanas of Tulsidas, a sixteenth century text came out from Calcutta in 1810.
b) From the 1880s the Naval Kishore Press at Luck now and the Shri Venkateshwar Press in Bombay published numerous religious texts in vernaculars.
SIGNIFICANCE OF PRINT:
--In their printed and portable form these could be read easilyat any place and time.
--They could also be read out to large groups of illiterate men and women.
--Religious texts therefore reached a very wide circle of people encouraging discussions, debates and controversies within and among different religions.
Print did not only publicised conflicting opinions amongst communities and people in different part of India but also Newspapers conveyed new from one place to another creating pan-Indian identities.
Print and Muslims
1.In north India, the Ulama were deeply anxious about the collapse of Muslim dynasties. They feared that colonial rulers would encourage conversion, change the Muslim personal laws. TO counter this, they used cheap lithographic presses, published Persian and Urdu translations of holy scriptures, and printed religious newspapers and tracts.
2.The Deoband Seminary, founded in1867, published thousands of fatwas telling Muslim leaders how to conduct themselves in their everyday lives, and explaining the meanings of Islamic doctrines.
3.All through the nineteenth century , a number of Muslim sects and seminaries appeared each with a different interpretation . Urdu print helped them conduct these battles in public.

New Forms of Publications--Printing created an appetite for new kinds of writing.-- As more and more people could now read, they wanted to see their own lives, experiences, emotions and relationships reflected in what they read.
-- For readers, it opened up new worlds of experience, and save a vivid sense of the diversity of human lives.
-- New literary forms also entered the world of reading short stores, essays about social and political matters. A new visual culture was taking shape.
-- visual images could be easily reproduced in multiple copes. Painters like Raja Ravi Varma produced images for mass circulation.
-- Poor wood engravers who made woodblocks set up shop near the letterpresses, and were employed by print shops. Cheap prints and calanders easily available in the bazaar, could be bought even by the poor to decorate the walls of their homes or places or work. These prints began shaping popular ideas about modernity and tradition, religion and politics, and society and culture.
The 1870s caricatures and cartoons were being published in
--journals and newspapers commenting on social and political issues. Some caricatures ridiculed the educated Indian’s fascination with Western tastes and clothes, While others expressed he fear of social change. as well as nationalist cartoons criticizing imperial rule.
Women and Print in India
1.Women’s reading increased enormously in middle class homes.
2. Liberal husbands and father began educating their women folk at home and sent them to schools when women’s schools were set up in the cities and towns after the mid-nineteenth century.
3. Many journals began carrying writings by women, and explained why women should be educated. They also carried a syllabus and attached suitable reading matter which could be used for home based schooling.
(NEGATIVE IMPACT/ BELIEFS)
4.Conservative Hindus believed that a literate girl would be widowed and Muslims feared that educated women would be corrupted by reading Urdu romances.
EXAMPLES:
1.Rashsundari Debi a young married girl in a very orthodox household, learnt to read in the secrecy of her kitchen. Later she wrote her autobiography Amar Jibran which was published in 1876. It was the first full-length autobiography published in the Bengali language.
In what women would have to say about their own lives.
2. From the 1860s a few Bengali women like Kailashbashini Deb wrote books highlighting the experiences of women-about how women were imprisoned at home, kept in ignorance, forced to do hard domestic labor and treated unjustly by the very people they served.
3.In the 1880s in present day Maharashtra, Tarabai Shinde and Pandita Ramabai wrote with passionate anger about the miserable lives of upper-caste Hindu women, especially widows.
4.Urdu, Tamil, Bengali and Marathi print culture had developed early, Hindi printing began seriously only from the 1870s. Soon a large segment of it was devoted to the education of women. In the early twentieth century, journals written for and sometimes edited by women, became extremely popular, they discussed issues like women’s education, widowhood widow remarriage and the national movements. Some of them offered household and fashion lessons to women and brought entertainment through short stories and serialized novels.
Punjab too, a similar folk literature was widely printed from the early twentieth century.
5. Ram Chaddha published the fast selling Istri Dharm Vichar to teach women how to be obedient wives.
6. The Khalsa Tract Society published cheap booklets with a similar message. Many of these were in the form of dialogues about the qualities of a good woman.
Bengal, an entire area in central Calcutta-the Battala-was devoted to the printing of popular books. Here you could buy cheap editions of religious tracts and scriptures, as well as literature that was considered obscene and scandalous.
-- By the late nineteenth century, a lot of these books were being profusely illustrated with products and coloured lithographs. Pedlars took the Battala publications to homes, enabling women to read them in their leisure time.

Print and Poor People.
Very cheap small books were brought to markets in nineteenth century Madras towns and sold at crossroads, allowing poor people travelling to markets to buy them.
--Public Libraries were set up from the early twentieth century, expanding the access to books. These libraries were located mostly in cities and towns and at times in prosperous villages, For rich local patrons, settings up a library was a way of acquiring prestige.
--From the late nineteenth century issues of caste discrimination began to be written about in many printed tracts and essays.
-- Jyotibha Phule, the Maratha Pioneer of ‘low caste’ protest movements, wrote about the injustices of the caste system in his Gulamgiri (1871)
-- In the twentieth century, B.R. Ambedkar in Maharashtra and E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Madras, better known as Periyar, wrote powerfully on caste and their writings were read by people all over India. Local protest movements and sects also created a lot of popular journals and tracts criticizing ancient scriptures and envisioning a new and just future.
Workers in factories were too overworked and lacked the education to write much about their experiences. But Kashibaba, a Kanpur millworker, wrote and published Chhote Aur Bade Ka Sawal in 1938 to show the links between caste and class exploitation.
--The poems of another Kanpur millworker, who wrote under the name of Sudarshan Chakr between 1935 and 1955, were brought together and published in a collection called Sacchi Kavitayan.
--By the 1930s Bangalore cotton millworkers set up libraries to educate themselves following the example of Bombay workers. There were sponsored by social reformers who tried to restrict excessive drinking among them, to bring literacy and sometimes to propagate the message of nationalism.

Print and Censorship
1.Before 1798, the colonial state under the East India Company was not too concerned with censorship.
-- its early measures to control printed matter were directed against Englishmen in India who were critical of Company misrule and hated the actions of particular Company officers.
-- By the 1820s the Calcutta Supreme Court passed certain regulation to control press freedom and the Company began encouraging publication of newspapers that would celebrate British rule.
--In 1835 faced with urgent petitions by editors of English and vernacular newspapers, Governor-General Bentinck revise press laws.

--After the revolt of 1857, the attitude to freedom of the press changed. Enraged Englishmen a demanded a clamp down on the native press. As vernacular newspapers became assertively nationalist the colonial government began debating measures of stringent control.
-- In 1878, the Vernacular Press Act was passed modeled on the Irish Press Laws. It provided the government with extensive rights to censor reports and editorials in the vernacular press.
From now on the government kept regular track of the vernacular newspapers published in different providences. When a report was judged as seditious, the newspaper was warned, and if the warning was ignored, the press was liable to be seized and the printing machinery confiscated.
--Despite repressive measure, nationalist newspapers grew in numbers in all parts of India. They reported on colonial misrule and encouraged nationalist activities. Attempts to throttle nationalist criticism provoked militant protest. This in turn led to a renewed cycle of persecution and protests.
-- When Punjab revolutionaries were deported in 1907, Balgangadhar Tilak wrote with great sympathy about them in his Kesari. This led to his imprisonment in 1908, provoking in turn widespread protests all over India.

ANNOUNCEMENT-NOTES

2009-07-27T12:32:00.002+05:30

Dear students I have posted notes of Forest Resources-ch-2 of geography on contemporarylearning10.ning.com.
Also latest weightage of marks as per CBSE-2009-10 is also there.

Answers to question--3-3-09

2009-03-03T15:32:00.003+05:30

1.Why jute is called golden fibre?
It is because it is golden in colour and it is an item of export
2. Why some crops are commercial in one region & not in the others?.
2. Some crops are commercial in one region & provide sustinence in other regions as rice is a staple crop of south and is exported to northern parts of India , so is also the case of jowar & bajara, which is food crop in Rajasthan .
3. Did world war effect the nationalfreedom movement?
3. World war situation did effect our freedom struggle movement .
Forced recruitment, increased defence expenditure and crop failure at this time agrrevated the nationalistic sentiments of the people.
4.There was only one Association formed by Dr. Ambedkar—Depressed classes Association in 1930.
5. What does nationalism means?
Nationalism in literal sense means feeling for your country.
It meant different things to different people.
In modern Europe it means formation of nation-states and in post war era it is connected to anti-colonialism, as in India.
6. Reaction of Mohd. Ali Jinnah to civil disobedience movement ?
There has been no mention fo this topic in the book .
7. Which are the institutions which form the basis for evaluating of democracy?
As such there is no creterion to evaluate democracy as different countries face different challenges but still its functioning is evaluated through the working of various institutions such as --a country,s powersharing arrangement.
--Rights enjoyed by the people--elections--free& fair & regular elections.
--Accomodation of diversity
--Federalism
--role of pressure groups etc.

SOLUTIONS TO QUERIES-

2009-02-28T18:05:00.003+05:30

Question:
what is the difference between pressure groups and political parties on the basis of formation, objective and accountability?

FORMATION: Political parties are registered with election commission & pressure groups need not to be registered.
--political parties are at times grow out of the pressure groups.
Objective: political parties are formed to gain power but pressure groups do not have any such intention instead they exert influence on the parties.
Accountability: political parties are accountable as it has to contest next election but pressure groups do not have any such accountability & at times they lapse after the objective has been achieved.
Question
can you make d' answer more brief 4 d' different types of government?....
There are three levels of governments : central, state &local . you have to do local govt. in detail & that is given in the notes and on page no.25.

Answer to queries--(Vipul)

2009-02-22T10:21:00.004+05:30

Q1. What is a sector?

Ans. The economy may be classified into subdivisions called sectors (also called industries) in several ways. Sectors may be further subdivided into subsectors.

2.What role does bank play in national economy?give three points.(3 marks)
Ans. Banks play a very important role in our national economy as
a) banks mediate between those who have surlpus funds--depositors & those who are in need of these funds--borrowers.
b) banks give credit on easy terms.
c) if banks will not be there, there will be be no demand deposits or cheque payments .
d) RBI issues currency.
3.what is the role of money lender in rural economy?(3 marks)
--He is the informal source of credit in rural areas &
-- the only source who can give credit with out collateral.
--borrowers can approach moneylender without repaying their earlier loans.
4.what developmental goals encourage woman to work outside their home?(3 marks)
--more money to run household.
--financial independence.

SAMPLE PAPER

2009-01-05T10:04:00.003+05:30

SOCIAL SCIENCE
SAMPLE QUESTION PAPER I
Class :X
Time : 3 Hrs Max Marks : 80
Q.1 Why did the British Government curtail the freedom of Press after 1857 in India? 1
OR
Write the main contribution of Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer as a novelist in Malayalam
literature. 1
Q.2 Why did Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru proclaim the river dams as the temples of modern
India? Explain the main reason. 1
Q.3 Write one point of similarity and one point of difference between magnetite and hematite
iron are. ½ + ½ = 1
Q.4 Which is the northern most international airport of India? 1
Q.5 Mention any two ways in which caste has influenced politics in India. ½ + ½ = 1
Q.6 Name any two Asian countries in which there was conflict between two linguistic and
ethnic groups. ½ + ½ = 1
Q.7 State one reform for making Indian democracy more effective. 1
Q.8 Define per capita income. 1
Q.9 Among Punjab, Kerala and Bihar, which one has the lowest Infant Mortality rate? 1
Q.10 How can development be sustained in an economy? Give an example with reference to
the use of resources. 1
Q.11 Analyse the circumstances which led Gandhiji to choose abolition of the salt tax as the
most important demand of the Civil Disobedience movement. 3x1=3
Q.12 Critically examine the different ways suggested by different leaders for uplifting the status
of dalits in Indian society. 3x1=3
Below are given three groups A,B, & C of questions 13 and 14. Select any one group for answering these two questions.
GROUP A
Q13 Analyse the three measures adopted by the producers in India to expand the market for
their goods in the 19th century. 3x1=3
Q.14 Explain three types of movements or ‘flow’ within the international economic exchange
in the 19th century in the context of world economy. 3x1=3
GROUP B
Q.13 Describe the position of women in Britain in the 19th century in three points. 3x1=3
Q.14 “The indentured labour gave rise to a new culture in the Carribean” Justify this Statement
with three examples. 3x1=3
GROUP C
Q.13 The First world war created dramatically a new situation for Indian Industries. Analyse how this happened by giving three situations. 3x1=3
Q14 Do you agree or disagree that the process of Urbanization in the city of London providedmore disappointments than opportunities? Give three reasons in support of your answer.
3x1=3
Q.15 Read the following extract taken from the textbook and answer the questions that follow:
In 1926, Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossien, a noted educationist and literary figure.
strongly condemned men for withholding education from women in the name of religion
as she addressed the Bengal Women’s Education Conference:
The opponents of female education say that women will become unruly.....Fie! they call
themselves Muslims and yet go against the basic tenets of Islam which gives women an
equal right to education. If men are not led astray once educated, why should women?
(a) Explain how Begum Rokeya Sakhawat Hossein asserts women’s right to education?
(b) What was the impact of printed books on women in India in the 19th century.? 1+2=3
OR
Read the following passage and answer the questions given below it : 2+1=3
‘Dear children, don’t read these novels, don’t even touch them. Your life will be ruined. You will
suffer disease and ailments. Why did the good Lord make you - to wither away at a tender age?
To suffer in disease? To be despised by your brothers, relatives and those around you? No. No.
You must become mothers; you must lead happy lives; this is the divine purpose. You, who were
born to fulfill this sublime goal, should you ruin your life by going crazy after despicable novels?’
(a) Analyse the message given by the writer to children.
(b) Name the woman novelist of early nineteenth century who wrote against traditional role
of women as wives and mothers.
Q.16 Study the above map and answer the following questions:
(16.1) Name the three Super Highways shown in the map.
(16.2) Name any three metropolitan cities linked by one of these Superhighways.
1½ + 1½=3
For Blind students only in lieu of question number 16
Name the three states, each of which has two major sea ports and also name any one
port of each of these states. 1½ + 1½ = 3
Q.17 Examine with the help of three examples, how dignity and freedom of citizens are bestguaranteed in a democracy. 3
Q.18 Analyse with a suitable example the meaning of right to choose provided under
Consumer Protection Act. 3
Q.19.1 Give any four features of the Ho Chi Minh Trail in the Vietnamese war against the U.S.
4x1=4 OR
Q.19.2 Describe four stages of unification of Germany. 4x1=4
Q.20 Describe four main characteristics of arid soils of India 4x1=4
Q.21 Describe four important characteristics of rice cultivation in India. 4x1=4
Q.22 Which factor plays the most dominant role in the ideal location of an industry? Explain
any three reasons in support of this factor. 1+3=4
Q.23 Explain any four measures taken to decentralize power in India 4x1=4
Q.24 With the help of two examples explain how social divisions have affected politics.2+2=4
Q.25 “Political parties play a major role in democracy.” Give four points to justify this statement.
4x1=4
Q.26 Give the meaning of tertiary sector. State any three factors that have contributed to the
growth of this sector. 1+3=4
Q.27 The following table shows the sources of credit for rural households in India in 2003
Source Share
Money lenders 30%
Cooperative societies 27%
Commercial banks 25%
Others (traders, relatives etc) 18%
On the basis of the above table answer the following questions:
(27.1) What is the share of formal sector in the total credit?
(27.2) Suggest two measures for improving the share of formal sector in total credit.
(27.3) Why is money lender still the largest single source of credit? 1+2+1=4
Q.28 Why did the Indian government put barriers to foreign trade and foreign investment after
independence?
Q.29 Six features with serial nos. 1 to 6 are marked on the given outline political map of India
Identify these features with the help of the following information and write their correct
names on the lines marked in the map :
1. Main centre of overseas trade in the seventeenth century;
2. Large scale industrial region in 1931;
3. A type of soil;
4. Major producers of coffee;
5. A coal mine, and
6. Eastern terminal city of East-West Corridor. 6x1=6 OR
Q.29 Locate and label the following on the given outline political map of India.
1. A place where session of Indian National Congress was held in 1920;
2. A place in Gujarat where Gandhi ji organised satyagraha movement of cotton-mill workers;
3. An iron and steel plant located in the Chhattisgarh;
4. Nuclear Power Plant in Tamil Nadu;
5. Software Technology Park in Jammu and Kashmir, and
6. A sea port in Andhra Pradesh. 6x1=6
The following question is only for blind candidates in lieu of Q No 29
i) Name the place where Gandhi ji organised satyagraha against indigo planters.
ii) Name the place where a massacre took place on 13th April, 1919.
iii) Name an iron and steel plant located in Chhattisgarh.
iv) Name a nuclear power plant in Tamil Nadu.
v) Name a software technology park in Jammu and Kashmir.
vi) Name a sea port in Andhra Pradesh. 6x1=6

NEW YEAR WISHES TO ALL READERS

2009-01-01T17:08:00.001+05:30

work, life and leisure

2008-12-17T22:33:00.007+05:30

Bombay the prime city
--the East India company quickly shifted its capital from Surat to Bombay.
--at first Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujrat , later in the 19th c , the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton & opium would pass.
--gradually it also became an important administrative centre in the western India and by the end of 19 th c a major industrial centre.
WORK IN THE CITY
Bombay became the capital of Bombay Presidencyin 1819, after the Maratha defeat In the Anglo-Maratha war.
--with the growth of trade in cotton & opium, large communities of traders & bankers as well as artisans & shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay.
--the establishment of textile mills led to a fresh sBOMBAY AS THE CITY OF DREAMS:
. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was far more difficulturge in migration.
--the first textile Mill in Bombay was established in 1854. By 1921, there were 85 cotton mills.Large number of workers to these mills came from nearby districts.
--women formed 23% of mill workforce between 1919-1926, after that the number droppedto less than 10%as machines had come.
--Bombay dominated the maritime trade of India.
--Bombay was also at the junction head of two major Railways, which encouraged an even higher scale of migration into the city.
For example during the famine in 1888-89, large number of people drove into Bombay from the dry regions of Kutch.
HOUSING & NEIGHBOURHOODS
Bombay was a crowded city with average space of 9.5 square yards, with an average of 20 persons.
Bombay was not a planned city and the house especially in the Fort area, were interspersed with gardens.
--in Bombay the FORT AREA which formed the heart of the city in early 1800s was divided between a ‘native town’ where most of the Indians lived, and a European or ‘white section.’
--the European suburb & an industrial zone began to develop to the north of the Fort area, with similar suburb & cantonment in the south. This racial pattern was true of all three Presidency cities.
--rapid & unplanned expansion of the city and growing mills led to the crisis of housing and water supply by mid-1850’s.
--like the European elite the richer Parsi , Muslim & upper caste traders & industrialist of Bombay lived in sprawling spacious bungalows and in contrast, more than 70% lived in the thickly populated CHAWLS of BombayCHAWLS:
--They were multi-storied structures built from 1860’s in the ‘ native’ parts of the town.
--they were like the tenements in London they were largely owned by the private landlords as merchants, bankers & building contractors for quick way of earning money from the migrants.
--chawl was divided into smaller one-room tenements which had no private toilets.
--many families could reside at a time in a tenement, which were of one room with 4-5 occupants.
--people had to keep their windows closed even during the humid weather due to the ‘close proximity’ of filthy gutters, prives, buffalo stables etc.
--water was scarce and there were quarrels over it.
--streets & neighbourhoods were used for a variety of activities such as cooking, washing & sleeping.
--LEISURE ACTIVITIES: -- liquor shops & akharas came up in any empty spot.
--There were magicians, monkey players or acrobats.
--chawls were also the place for the exchange of news about jobs, strikes, riots or demonstrations.
-- at times the jobber settled disputes, organized food supplies or arranged informal credit & also brought important information on political developments.
--people who belonged to ‘depressed classes’ found it even more difficult to find housing or were kept out of many chawls & had to live in shelters made of corrugated sheets, leaves or bamboo poles.
TOWN PLANNING:
Planning in Bombay was a result of fears about epidemic plague.
--the city of Bombay Improvement Trust was established in 1898, it focused on clearing poorer homes out of the city centre.
--by 1918, Rent Act was passed to keep rents reasonable, but it had the opposite effect of producing severe housing crisis, since landlords withdrew from the market.
--one of the way the city was developed was through massive reclamation projects.
LAND RECLAMATION IN BOMBAY:
--THE EARLIEST PROJECT BEGAN IN 1784. THE Governor of Bombay approved of building of the great sea-wall which prevented the flooding of the low-lying areas of Bombay.
--the need for additional commercial space in the mid-19thc led to the formulation of several plans, both govt. & private companies for the reclamation of more land from the sea.
--private companies became interested taking financial risks. In 1864, the Back Bay reclamation company won the right to reclaim the western foreshore from the tip of Malabar Hill to the end of Colaba. By 1870’s the city was expanded to about 22 square miles.
--successful reclamation project was undertaken by the Bombay Port Trust, which built a dry dock between 1914& 1918 and used excavated earth to create the 22-acre Ballard Estate. And famous Marine Drive of Bombay was developed..

BOMBAY AS THE CITY OF DREAMS:
Bombay appears to many as a ‘mayapuri’- a city of dreams.
--many films in Bombay deals with the arrival in the city of new migrants & their encounters with the real pressures of daily life.
--some popular songs from the Bombay film industry speak of the contradictory aspects of the city, as in CID, Guest house etc.( TAKE SONGS FROM BOOK-PG—145)
HISTORY:
Q. When did the Bombay film industry make its first appearance?
Harishchandra Sakharam Bhatwadekar shot a scene of wrestling match in Bombay’s Hanging Gardens & it became India’s first movie in 1896.
--Dadasaheb Phalke made Raja Harishchandra in 1913.
--by 1925, Bombay had become India’s film capital producing films for national audience.
--the amount of money invested was about 756 million in 1947 in 50 films & the industry employed 520’000 people.
PEOPLE: most of the people employed in the industry were themselves migrants who came from cities looking like Lahore, Calcutta & Madras which contributed to the national character of the industry.
--people who came from Lahore than in Punjab were important to the development of the industry.
--many famous writers like Ismat Chughati & Saadat Hasan Manto, were associated with Hindi cinema.
--Bombay films have contributed in a big way to produce an image of the city as a blend of dream and reality, of slums & star bungalows.
LEE KUAN YEW’S SINGAPORE:
Singapore a successful, rich & well planned city, a model for city planning worldwide.Until 1965, Singapore though an important port but had all the problems of a Asain cities. It was overcrowded, lack sanitation, had poor housing & poverty.
Planning was known in Singapore since 1822,but benefitted only a small community of white people who ruled Singapore.
--all this city changed after the city became an independent nation in 1965. Under the leadership of Lee Kuan Yew, the President a massive housing and development programe was under taken and it completely altered the face of the island nation.
--through the planning every inch of the island’s territory was controlled in its use.
--the tall housing blocks, which were well ventilated & serviced were built.
--crime was reducedthrough external corridors, aged were housed alongside their families, ‘void decks’ or empty floors were provided in all buildings.
-migration to the city was strictly controlled.
--news-papers& journals and all forms of communication & association were strictly controlled.
--the citizens of Singapore enjoy a very high degree of material comfort & wealth.
CITIES & THE CHALLENGE OF THE ENVIRONMENT:
City development every occurred at the expanse of the ecology and environment.
--natural features were flattened out and transformed in response to the growing demands of space for the factories, housing and other institutions.
--large quantities of refuseanmd waste products polluted air & water, while excessive noise became the feature of the urban life.
ENGLAND:
Widespread use of coal in homes & industries I 19thc England raised serious problems such as :
a)in the industrial cities Leeds, Bradford & Manchester, hundreds of factory chimneys polluted the air—skies were always grey and all vegetation black.
--black fog that descended on towns, causing bad tempers, smoke related diseases and dirty clothes.
STEPS:
1.People joined campaigns for cleaner air, the goal was to control the nuisance through legislation. This was not easy as the factory owners & steams engine owners did not want to spend on technologies that improve their machines.
2. By the 1840’s few towns such as Derby, Leeds & Manchester had laws to control smoke in the city but the smoke was not easy to monitor or measures and the owners got away with minor adjustments to their machinery that did nothing to stop the smoke.
3.Smoke Abatement Acts of 1847-53 did not always work to clean the air.
CALCUTTA:
It too had the history of pollution.
–its people inhaled grey smoke, particularly in the winter.
–since the city was built on the marshy land, the resulting fog combined with the smoke to generate thick black smog.
–high level pollution was the consequence of the huge population that was dependent on the dung and wood as fuel in their daily life.
–the main polluters were the industries & establishments that used steam engines run on coal.
STEPS:
1. Colonial authorities were at first intent on clearing the place of miasmas, or harmful vapours, but the railway line introduced in 1855 brought a dangerous new pollutant into the picture-coal from Raniganj.
--the high content of ash in Indian coal was a problem. Many pleas were made to banish the dirty mills from the city with no effect.
--in 1863, Calcutta became the first Indian city to get smoke nuisance legislation.--in 1920, the rice mills of Tollygunge began to burn rice husk instead of coal, leading residents to complain that the air is filled up with black soot which falls like drizzling rain from morning till night. The inspectors of the Bengal Smoke Nuisance Commission managed to control industrial smoke. Controlling domestic smoke, however, was far more difficult

WORKS,LIFE AND LEISURE

2008-12-15T22:51:00.011+05:30

Work , life and leisure in the cities of contemporary world.
CHARACTERSTICS OF THE CITY:
Q. Which were the ancient towns & cities and where did they emerge?
They first appeared along the river valleys, such as Ur, Nippur and Mohenjadaro.
--the ancient cities could only when the increase in food supplies made it possible to support a wide range non- food producers.
--cities were often the centres of political power, administrative network, trade & industry, religious institutions & intellectual activities.
--they supported social groups such as artisans, merchants & priests.
METROPOLISES:
Cities which are great in size & complexity, which are densely settled , which combine political.& economic functions for the entire region, and support very large populations.
URBANISATION: Development of city or town.
ENGLAND:
INDUSTRIALISATION & RISE OF MODERN CITY—LONDON
--Many decades after the beginning of the industrial revolution, most Western countries were largely rural. The early industrial cities of Britain such as Leeds and Manchester attracted large numbers of migrants to the textile mills setup in the late 18th c.
--London, by 1750’s one out of every nine people living in Wales & England lived in London.
--It was the colossal city with large population which was fast multiplying.
--it was a powerful magnet though it did not have many large factories.
--It was a city of clercks, shopkeepers, small masters & skilled & semi artisans, casual laborers, street sellers and beggars.
--London had apart from the Dockyard five major types of industries: a) clothing & footwear, (b) wood & furniture, (c)metals & engineering, d) printing & stationary ,(e)precision products-as surgical instruments, watches & objects of precious metals.
--during the First world war London also started manufacturing motor cars & electrical goods.
MARGINAL GROUPS:
As London grew the crime flourished and soon it became the object of prime concern.
--the police were worried about the law & order
--philanthropists were anxious about the public morality.
--the industrialists wanted a hard working and orderly workforce.
Measures:
--population of children was counted, their activities were watched & they ways of life were investigated.
--in the mid-19th c Henery Mahew wrote several volumes on the London labour complied the list of the ones who made living from the crime.
--these criminals were in fact those who made their living stealing lead from the roofs, food from the shops and clothes drying on the hedges.
--there were other who others who were more skilled at their trade, expert in their jobs, they were cheats, tricksters & pickpocket and thieves.
--in an attempt to discipline them heavy penalties for the crimes were imposed& work was offered to those who were considered ‘deserving poor.’
WOMEN:
Women in the 18th c and early 19th c were employed in factories in large numbers.
--with the technological developments they gradually lost their industrial jobs & forced to work in households.
--a large number of women used to increase family income by taking in lodgers or through such activities as tailoring, washing & making match box making.
--there was once again in the20th c as women got employment in wartime industries & offices, they withdrew from domestic service.
CHILDREN:
Large number of children were pushed into low paid works, often by their parents.
--it was only after the passage of Compulsory Elementary Education Act of 1870, and the factory acts beginning from 1920, that children were kept out of industrial work.
HOUSING:
Older cities like London changed dramatically when people began pouring in after the industrial revolution. Factory or workshop owners did not house the migrant workers.
--individual landowners put up cheap, & usually unsafe, TENEMENTS for the new arrivals.
--better –off city dwellers demanded that slumps be simply cleared away, but gradually larger & larger number of people began to recognize the need for housing for the poor.
Q Why was there an increasing concern for Housing poor?
There were reasons for it:
1.--the vast one room houses occupied by the poor were too small & were seen as the threat to the public health, as they were over crowed & badly ventilated and lacked sanitation.
2.-- there were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing.
3. -- there was a wide spread fear of social disorder, especially after Russian Revolution. Worker’s mass house schemes were planned to prevent the London poor from turning rebellious.
CLEANING LONDON:
A variety of steps were taken to cleanup London.
1.--Attempts were made to decongest localities.
2.--green the open space, reduce pollution, landscape the city, large blocks of apartments were built.
3.--rent control was introduced to ease the impact of severe house shortage.
4.--the congestion in the 19thc also led to a yearning for clean country air.
--many wealthy residents of London were able to afford a holiday home in the countryside.
--demands were made for new ‘lungs’ for the city .
5. -- some attempts were made to bridge the gap between city & countryside through the Green Belt around London.
6.--Garden City , a pleasant space full of plants& trees, where people would both live & work. This was also to produce better quality citizens.
(Raymond Unwin & Barry Parker designed the garden city of New Earswick.) There were common garden spaces & beautiful views..., but only well-off people could afford them.
TRANSPORT IN THE CITY:
London underground Railways partially solved the housing crisis by carrying large masses of people to and from the city.
--the very first section of the underground in the world opened on 10th January 1863 between Paddington & Farrington street in London.
NEGATIVE RESULT:
--At first people were afraid to travel underground.
--it was felt that the ‘iron monster’ added to the mess & unhealthiness of the city.
--its construction led to massive destruction..
--in London railway led to massive displacement of London poor, especially between two World Wars.
POSITIVE RESULTS:
It became a huge success as the population in the city became more dispersed.
--better planned suburbs & good railway network enabled large number of people to live out side London and travel to work.
--these new conveniences wore down social distinctions and also created new ones.
SOCIAL CHANGE IN THE CITY:
In thec18th c , the family had been unit of production & consumption as well as political decision making. But the function and shape of family were completely transformed by the life in industrial city.
a) The family ties between he members of households loosened .
b) among the working class the institution of marriage tended to break down.
c) women in the upper& middle class in Britain faced increasingly higher levels of isolation, although their lives were made easier by the domestic maids who cooked, cleaned and cared for children on low wages.
d) women who worked for wages had some control over their lives especially among the lower social classes.
e) family as an institution had broken down.
MEN, WOMEN AND FAMILY IN THE CITY.
The city encouraged the new spirit of individualism among men& women and a freedom from the collective values that were the feature of the smaller rural communities.
WOMEN:
--but men & women did not have equal access to this new urban space. As women lost their industrial jobs , conservative people rallied against their space in the public spaces, women were forced to withdraw into their homes.
--public spaces increasingly became a male preserve and the domestic sphere was seen as the proper place for women.
--political developments of 19th c as Chartism movement demanding vote for all males and labour movement –limiting hours of workers in factories, mobilized large number of men.
--gradually women did come to participate in political movements for suffrage that demanded the right to vote or married women’s right to property.
FAMILY:
By the 20th c the urban family had yet been transformed partly by the wartime work done by women, who were employed in large numbers to meet war demands.
--the family now consisted of smaller units.
--family became the heart of a new market—of goods & services and of ideas.
LEISURE & CONSUMPTION:
For the wealthy Britishers there had been an annual ‘London Season’.
1.Several cultural events, such as the ‘OPERA’, THE THEATRE & CLASSICAL MUSICAL PERFORMANCES, were organized for an elite group of 300-400 families in the late 18th c.
2.working classes met in the PUBS to have drinks, exchange news & sometimes to organize political actions.
3.new types of large scale entertainments for the common people came into being, some made it possible with the money from the state.
4. LIBRARIES, ART GALLERIES& MUSEUMS were established in the 19th c to provide people a sense of history& pride in the achievements of British.
5. MUSIC HALLS were popular among the lower classes and became great mass entertainment for mixed audiences.
6.British industrial workers were increasingly encouraged to spend their holidays by sea, so as to derive the benefits of the sun and bracing winds.
POLITICS IN THE CITY & INDUSTRIES:
1. BLOODY SUNDAY OF NOVEMBER 1887.
In late 1887 a riot occurred. Out door work came to a standstill, London poor exploded in riots, demanding relief from the terrible conditions of poverty. It was brutally suppressed by the police.
2. Two years later, thousands of London dockworkers went on strike and marched through the city. The 12 day long strike was called to gain recognition for the Dockworker’s union.
3. Large masses of people could be drawn into political causes in the city. A large city population was thus both a threat and an opportunity.
HAUSSMANISATION OF PARIS:
In 1852, Louis Napoleon III (a nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte) crowned himself emperor and under took the rebuilding of Paris.
--the chief architect of the new Paris was Baron Haussmann, he came up with the forcible reconstruction of the cities to enhance their beauty and impose their order.
--the poor were evicted from the centre of Paris to reduce the rebellion & beautify the city.
--Straight, broad avenues or boulevards and open spaces were built.
--full grown trees were transplanted.
--policemen were deployed, night patrols begun and bus shelters and tap waters were introduced.
I nspite of the views of people that the city was monstrously transformed, Paris soon got converted into civic pride and the new capital became the toast of all Europe. Paris became the hub of many new architectural , social, & intellectual developments.

THE AGE OF INDUSTRIALISATION

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INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Proto-industrialisation - first or form of something. It was a part of network of commercial exchanges, controlled by the merchants and the goods were produced by vast number of producers within their family farms.
--In the 18 c merchants from towns & cities began moving to the countryside supplying money to the peasants & artisans to produce for the international markets.
--As demands were increasing, merchants could not expand in the urban areas because of the existing TRADE GUILDS.-(these were the associations of producers that trained the craftspeople, maintained control over production, regulated prices and production and also restricted the entry of new merchants.) Therefore these merchants turned to the countryside.
CONDITIONS IN THE COUNTRYSIDE:
--Openfields were disappearing & common lands were enclosed & as a result cottagers & poor peasants now had to look for the alternative source of income.
--their tiny plots could not provide work for all members of the household so when merchants offered them advances they readily agreed.
RESULTS:
--By working for the merchants the villagers could remain in the countryside & continued to cultivate their small plots.
--income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation.
--it also allowed them fuller use of their family labour resources.
--a close relationship developed between the town & the countryside, as the merchants were based in towns but the work was done in the countryside.
COMING UP OF FACTORIES.
The earliest factories came up by 1730s & they multiplied by late 18th c.
--COTTON FACTORY-its production boomed in late 19thc, this increase was linked to number of changes in the production process as
--series of inventions which not only increased the efficiency of production process but also enhanced the output per worker, enabling the workers to produce more.
--the Richard Arkwright created a cotton Mill.
--MILL-- the costly machines could be purchased, setup and maintained in the Mill. Within the mill all the processes were brought together under one roof & management.This allowed a more carful supervision, watch over quality & regulation of labour, all of which was otherwise difficult in the countryside.
PACE OF INDUSTRIALISATION:
Was it a rapid process?
1.The most dynamic industries were that of Cotton & Metals. With the expansion of transport the demand for Iron & Steel increased.
2.The new industries could not easily displace traditional industries. At the end of 19thc only 20% of total workforce were employed in technologically advanced industrial sector. Historians say that thr typical worker in mid 19thC was not machine operator but the traditional craft person & labourer.
--Textile was a dynamic sector but a large portion was being produced in the domestic units.
3.The pace of change in the traditional industries was not set by the steam-powered industries.
--ordinary &small innovations were the basis of the growth in many non-mechanised sectors as food-processing, building, pottery, glass work, tanning, furniture making & production of implements.
4. Technological changes were slow: it was because:
New technology was expensive & merchants were cautious of using it.
--machines often broke down and repair was costly.
--they were not as effective as were claimed.
Q. WHY WAS THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS SLOW IN ENGLAND?
It was because in the Victorian Britain there was no shortage of human labour. Poor peasants moved into the cities in search of jobs. So the industrialist had no problem in hiring them at low cost nor were they interested in introducing machines which required large capital investments.
2. In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal . For example Gas works & breweries were busy during the cold months, also the printing & book binders were busy at this time due to Christmas, ships were also repaired during this time.
--in all such industries where production fluctuated with the season, industrialist usually preferred hand labour.
3. Range of products could be produced only with hand labour.
--machines were oriented to produce uniforms, standardized goods for mass market but the demand for goods with intricate design and specific shapes.
4. The upper class-the aristocracies and bourgeoisie- preferred things produced by hands.
--handmade products came to symbolize refinement and class.
--they were better finished& carefully designed and were mainly for export.
5. In the countries with shortage of labour , industrialist were keen on using mechanical power so that the need for human labour can be minimized.
LIFE OF WORKERS: (Negative effects of industrialization)
1--The abundance of the labour affected the lives of workers.
2--the news of jobs led many workers to travel to the cities but the actual possibility of jobs depended upon the existing network of friendship and kin relations. But not everyone had connections, and they had to wait for weeks, spending nights under bridges or in the ‘Night Refuges’ set up by private individuals and at ‘Casual Wards’ maintained by poor law authorities.
3.Seasonality of work meant prolonged period without work. Some returned to countryside and looked for odd jobs.
4. Wages were increased but not welfare of workers. As when the prices rose sharply after the Napoleonic wars wages of workers fell.
--It was the period when number of days determined the average daily income of the workers.
--about 10% of the population was extremely poor.
5. Fear of unemployment made workers hostile to the technology.
As when Spinning Jenny was introduced in the woolen industry , women who survived on hand spinning began attacking the new machines.
Positive results of industrialization:
1. Building activities intensified in the cities, opening up greater opportunities of employment.
2. Roads were widened.
3. New railway stations came up and railway lines were extended, tunnels dug up.
4. Drainage & sewers were laid, rivers embanked.

INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE COLONIES—INDIA
--Before the age of industrialization silk& cotton goods onlydominated the international market in Textile.
--other countries produced only coarser cotton and finer varieties came from India.
--the Amercian merchants took goods from Punjab to Afganisthan, eastern Persia& Central Asia and the Bales of fine cotton were carried on camel back via the NWFP, through mountain passes across deserts.
--sea trade operated through the per-colonial ports—Surat on Gujrat coast connected India to the Gulf & Red sea ports; Masaulipatnam on the Coromandel coast &Hoogly in Bengal had trade links with the South-east Asian ports.
EARLIER:
--A variety of Indian & merchants bankers were involved in the export trade-Financing production, carrying goods & supplying exporters.
--Supply merchants linked the port towns to the inland regions-they gave advances to weavers, procured woven cloth & carried supply to the ports.
--at the ports the big shippers and export merchants had brokers who negotiated the price and bought goods from the supply merchants operating inland.
--by 1750 this network was breaking down.
COMING OF THE NEW COMPANIES:
The European companies gradually gained power first securing a variety of concessions from local courts then the monopoly rights to trade.
--this resulted in the decline of old ports of SURAT &HOOGLY.
--exports from these ports fell dramatically, credit that had financed earlier trade began drying up, and the local bankers slowly went bankrupt.
--while Surat & Hoogly decayed BOMBAY & CALCUTTA grew.
--trade through new ports came to be controlled by the European companies in their ships.
-- those who wanted to survive had to now operate within the network shaped by European trading companies.
Q. How did the expansion of the British industries in India affect the Weavers?
1. INITIALLY THE INDIAN INDUSTRIES DID NOT DECLINE as the Britishers cotton industries had not yet expanded and Indian fine textiles were in great demand.So the company was kenn on expanding the textile exports from India.
2. Befor establishing political power in India-Bengal & Canatic in 1760s&1770s, the Company found it difficult to ensure a regular supply of goods for export.
--the Dutch, the Portuguese as well as local traders competed in the market to secure woven cloth.
--so the weavers could bargain and the try selling the produce to the best buyer.
3. once the Company established its power it could assert a monopoly right to trade. It developed a system of management and control that would eliminate the competition, control cost & ensure regular supplies.
Q. What did English East India Company do to ensure regular supply of cotton & silk? Or to monopolise right to trade?
The company took series of steps:
1.To eliminate the existing traders& brokers connected with cloth trade and to have direct control over the weavers, it appointed GOMASTHA—to supervise weavers, collect supplies& examine the quality of cloth.
2.It prevented the company from dealing with other buyers. One way for doing this was through the system of advances- weavers were given loans to purchase the raw material for their production. Those who took loans had to hand over their cloth to Gomsthas.
RESULTS:
A )As the loans flowed the demand for the fine textile expanded& weavers eagerly took advances, hoping to earn more.
b)--some of the weavers had small plots of land which they cultivated along with weaving, the produce from this took care of their family needs. But now they had to lease it and devote all time to weaving which required engagement of complete family.
c)I n many villages there were reports of clashes between the weavers & Gomasthas. This was because earlier the Gomasthas were from the villages who were concerned but now they walked arrogantly with Sepoys in to the villages & punished weavers for the delays.
d)—the weavers lost their space to bargain for prices and to sell to different buyers.
--the price they received from the company was miserably low and the loans they accepted tied them to the company.
e)—in many place the as in Bengal & Carnatic weavers deserted villages and migrated setting up the looms in other villages.
f)-At some place weavers along with the traders revolted opposing the company officials, and many weavers over the time began refusing loans and started closing their workshops and took to agriculture.
MANCHESTER COMES TO India
Q. Why there was a decline of textile exports from India-?
1.As the cotton industries developed in England, industrial groups began worrying about imports from other countries.They pressurised the govt. to impose import duties on cotton textile so that Manchester goods could sell in Britain without facing competition from outside.
--Industrialists persuaded the Company to sell British manufacturers in Indian market as well. The export of cotton goods increased in the 19th c.
Q. What problems did the Indian weavers had to face when Manchester came to India?
Two problems were:
a)their export market collapsed, and the local market shrank being glutted with the Manchester imports.
--Produced goods by machines at the lower price, the imported goods were so cheap that weavers could not easily compete with them.
b) By 1860’s weavers faced a new problem, they could not get sufficient supply of raw cotton of good quality.
--When the American civil-war broke out & the cotton supplies from the US were cut off, Britain turned to India & as the exports increased the prices shot up.
--weavers in India were forced to buy the it at very high prices.
C) Factories in India began flooding the market with machine made goods.
FACTORIES THAT CAME UP IN INDIA.
--THE FIRST COTTON MILL THAT CAME UP IN India was in 1854.
--In 1855 in Bengal first jute mill emerged.
--in the north India the Elgin mill was set up in Kanpur in 1860.
--the first cotton mill came up in Ahemdabad in 1861.
--1874, first spinning & weaving Mill of Madras.
EARLY ENTREPRENEURS:
In the 18th c during the opium trade there were many Indian junior players in this trade.
--having earned through this trade, some of these had a visions of developing industrial enterprises in India.
--capital was accumulated through other trade networks. Some merchants from Madras traded with Burma while others had links with the Middle East & East Africa.
--there were others who were not directly involved in external trade but operated with in India carrying goods, transferring funds between cities, banking money & financing traders. When the opportunities of investment in industries opened up, many of them set up their industries.
Examples:
1. In Bengal Dwarkanath Tagore had set up six joint stock companies in 1830,s & 40,s.
2. In Bombay Parsis like Dinshaw Petit and Jamsetjee Nusserwanjee Tata built huge industrial empires in India.
3. Seth Hukumchand , a Marwari businessman had set up the first Indian jute mill in Calcutta in 1917, So did the father and grandfather of the famous industrialist G.D.Birla.

--When colonial control tightened, the space for Indian merchants became limited and they were barred from trading with Europe in manufactured goods and were to export only raw materials & food grains—raw cotton, opium, wheat & indigo were required by the Britishers. They were also gradually edged out of the shipping business.
Q. Where did the workers come from?
Factories needed workers and their demand was increasing.
--In the most industrial regions workers came from the districts around. Peasants & workers who found no work in the village went to industrial centres.
(over 50% workers in Bombay cotton industryin 1911 came from the neighouring district of Ratangiri so was in the case of Kanpur Mills.)
--workers travelled great distances in the hope to get work in the Mills.

Q. Why getting jobs in the Mills was always difficult?
Getting jobs was always difficult (a) as number of job seekers was more than the jobs.
(b) entry into mills was restricted.
(c) Jobber ,started demanding money & gifts for getting them jobs.
Q. Who was a jobber?
Industrialist usually employed a jobber to get new recruits. He was often an old & trusted worker who got people from his villages, ensured them jobs, helped them settle and provided them money in the times of crisis.
PECULARITIES OF INDUSTRIAL GROWTH:
EARLIER:
--European managing agencies dominated industrial production in India& they were interested in certain kinds of products.
--they established tea & coffee plantations, invested in mining, indigo and jute—most of these products were required for export and not for sale.
-- when Indian businessmen setting up their in 17thC, they avoided competition with Manchester goods.
-- yarn was not an important part of British imports & when yarn was imported it was only of the superior variety. The yarn produced in Indian spinning mills was used by Indian weavers or was exported to china.
LATER:
With the 20thc series of changes affected the pattern of industrialization.
a) As Swadeshi movement gathered momentum people were mobilised to boycott foreign cloth
b) Industrial groups organized themselves to protect their collective interests by pressuring the govt. to increase tariff protection & to grant concessions.
c) From 1906 the export of Indian yarn to china declined as the produce from the Chinese & Japanese mills flooded the Chinese markets and thus the industrialist in India began shifting from yarn to cloth production.
d) First World war created a new situation, with British Mills busy with war production to meet the needs of army , Manchester imports to India declined & suddenly Indian Mills had a vast home market to supply.
e) As the war prolonged, Indian factories were called upon to supply jute bags, cloth for army uniforms, tents and leather boots, horse & mule saddles & a host of other items.
f) Many new workers were employed and everyone was made to work for long hours.
Q. What was the impact of the First World War on the Manchester goods or the Company?
a) Manchester could never recapture its old position in the Indian markets.
b) unable to modernize and compete with the US, Germany & Japan, the economy of Britain crumbled after the war.
c) cotton production collapsed and exports of cotton cloth from Britain fell dramatically.
d) within the colonies, local industrialists gradually consolidated their position, substituting foreign manufacturers and capturing the home market.
Small-scale industries predominate
Factory industries grew steadily and after the war large industries formed only a small segment of the economy.
--most of them were located in Bengal and Bombay, and over rest of the country small –scale production continued.
--only a small section of the industrial labour force worked in the registered factories.
The rest worked in small workshops and household units, often located in alleys and by lanes.
--handicrafts & handloom production actually expanded in the 20th c.
--cheap machine-made thread wiped out the spinning industry in 19thc , weavers survived despite problems.
Q Despite the cheap machine-made goods , wiped the spinning industry the weavers survived. How did this happen?
1.This was partly because of the Technological changes. Handicrafts people adopted a new technology that helped them to improve the production without pushing up the costs.
2.by the second decade of 20th c the weavers were using looms with a fly-shuttle, which increased their productivity per worker, speeded up production and reduced labour demand.
3. there were several other innovations that helped the weavers improve their productivity and compete with the Mill sector.

WEAVERS:
There were two types of weavers one—rich and well to do and the others not so rich.

MARKET FOR GOODS
Q. What were different ways which Britishers used to advertise their products?
When new products were produced people had to be persuaded to buy them .
1. One way to do this was through the advertisements.
ROLE OF ADVERTISEMENTS:
--They make products appear desireable and necessary.
--they try to shape the minds of people and create new needs.
--they appear in the newspapers, magazines, hoarding, street walls, television screens.
--advertisements have played a part in expanding the markets for products, and in shaping a new consumer culture.
2. When the Manchester industrialists began selling their cloth in India , they put ‘LABLES’ on the cloth bundles.
LABLES:
-- it was needed to the place of manufacture & the name of the company familiar to the buyer.
-- it was also to be the mark of quality.
-- when buyers saw ‘MADE IN MANCHESTER’ written on the lable they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
3.IMAGES:
The Lables did not only carry words or texts but they also carried images which were often very beautifully illustrated.
--the images ogf Gods & Goddesses regularly appeared on these lables.
--it was as if the association with the Gods gave divine approval to these goods .E xample: the printed image of Krishna or Saraswati was also intented to make the manufacture from foreign land appear somewhat familiar to the Indian people.
4. PRINTING CALENDARS:
In the late 19th c Calendars were also printed to popularize the products.
--unlike the news papers& magazines the Calendars could also be used by the people who could not read.
--they were hung in tea shops & people’s home, offices and middle class apartments.
--in these Calendars also there were images of Gods & Goddesses to sell the products.
5. FIGURES OF IMPORTANT PERSONAGES & NAWABS:
--images of important personages, Nawabs adorned the advertisements & calendars which gave the message that if you respect the royal figure, then respect this product and when the product was being used by the royal families its quality could not be questioned.
6. Indian manufacturers also advertised the nationalist message clear & loud. They said that if you care for your nation then buy the products that Indians produce.
--advertisements became a vehicle of the nationalist message of swadeshi.

Announcement-Notes of economics chapter-1

2008-10-05T10:48:00.002+05:30

Dear students I have completed notes of chapter one of Economics-DEVELOPMENT
Kindly take them dowm from the index given on right hand side.

DEMOCRACY AND DIVERSITY

2008-09-10T10:08:00.003+05:30

DEMOCRACY & DIVERSITY
STORY OF MEXICO OLYMPICS
In 1968, Olympics held at Mexico city, in the medal ceremony of 200m race, where gold and bronze medals were won by the AFRICAN –AMERICANS & the silver was bagged by the white.
In the ceremony Tommie Smith & John Carlos (African- Americans)stood on the dice with clenched fists upraised & heads bowed while the American anthem was played. They received their medals wearing black socks & no shoes to represent ‘BLACK POVERTY.’ The silver medalist, white Australian athelete, Peter Norman, wore human rights badge on his shirt to show his support to the two Americans.
Q. Why did Tommie & Smith wear black socks & no shoes?
--To represent Black poverty.
Q. What did their clenched fists &black gloves represent?
--They meant to symbolize the Black Power.
Q. What did the two players intend to do with this kind of gesture?
They wanted to draw the international attention to racial discrimination in the United states.
Q. What was the result of their action?
a) The International Olympics Association held Carlos & Smith guilty of violating the Olympic spirit by making a political statement.
b)their medals were taken back.
c) back home they were subjected to lot of criticism.
d) Norman too suffered for his action & was not included in the Australian team in the next Olympics.
e) but their action did succeed in getting international attention for the Civil Rights Movement in the US.
ORIGINS OF SOCIAL DIFFERENCES
Social diversity can take different forms in different societies.Social differences can be both accidental or by choice.
1. Some of the social differences are based on accident of birth.
We do not choose to belong to our community, we belong to it simply because we are born to it.
We all experience social difference based on accident of birth in our everyday lives, it can be in the form of male-female, being tall-short, different complexions, or have different physical abilities.
2. Some of the differences are based on our choices. For example, some people are atheists—they do not believe in God or any religion, some choose to follow religion other than in which they were born;Some choose what to study and what occupation to takeup and which game to play or which cultural activities to take part in.All these lead to formation of groups of our choices.
Every social difference does not lead to social division.
-- Social differences divide similar people from one another but, they also unite people very different people.
--People belonging to different social groups share differences and similarities cutting across the boundaries of their groups. Eg. Carlos & Smith joined hands because as they both were similar but Peter supported them as they were athletes.
--It is common for people belonging to the same religion feel that they donot belong to the same community because their caste or sect is different. It is also possible for the people from different religions to have same caste and feel close to each other.
--Rich & poor persons from the same family often donot have close relations with each other for they feel they are very different.
--Thus we all have more than one identity and can belong to more than one group.
OVERLAPPING & CROSS-CUTTING DIFFERENCES.

OVERLAPPING DIFFERENCES
1. When some social difference overlaps with other difference.

2. Situations of this kind produce social divisions, when one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities.
3. Example—a)difference between Black & White in the US becomes a social division because they tend to be poor & landless, and often face injustice & discrimination.
b) In our country Dalits tend to be poor & landless and often face injustice & discrimination.
4. Overlapping differences create possibilities of deep social divisions and tensions.
CROSS-CUTTING DIFFERENCES
1.If social differences cross-cut one another, it is difficult to pit group of people against the other.
2. It means that group that share a common interest on the issue are likely to be on different sides on a different issue.
3. Example -Northern Ireland & Netherlands both are predominantly Christians but divided between Catholics & Protestants. In Northern Ireland class & religion overlap each other, if catholic one tend to be poor & have suffered discrimination where as in Netherland, class & religion tend to cross-cut each other and both are equally likely to be rich or poor. It means they have conflict in Northern Ireland and it is not so in Netherlands.
4. Cross-cut social differences are easier to accommodate.

Q. Most countries of the world are multi-cultural? Why? Give examples.
Countries that were once highly Homogeneous are now becoming Hetrogneous and are undergoing a rapid change
a) with the influx of people from other parts of the world.
b) Migrants bring with them their own culture and to form a different social community.
POLITICS OF SOCIAL DIVISIONS
Q. How do social divisions affect politics?
The combination of politics & social divisions is very explosive and dangerous.
a) democracy involves competition among various political parties. Their competitions tend to divide society.
b) if they start competing in terms of some existing social divisions , they can make social divisions into political divisions and lead to conflict , violence or even disintegration of a country.
c)social divisions affect voting in most countries, people from one community tend to prefer one party more than others.
d)in many countries there are parties which focus only on one community.
--yet all this does not always lead to disintegration.

This has happened in many countries ---Examples(negative results)
1. As in the case of Northern Ireland, this region of UK has been for many years a sight of violence& bitter ethno- political conflict.
--Its population is divided into into two major sects of christianity: 53%--Protestants & 44%--Catholics.
--Catholics are represented by the Nationalist parties, who wanted Northern Ireland to be united with the Republic of Ireland, predominantly catholic.
--Protestants are represented by the Unionist who wanted to remain with UK.
--hundreds of civilians and militants were killed in the fight of political parties till 1998, the UK govt. & the Nationalists reached a peace treaty after which the latter suspended the armed struggle.
2. In Yugoslavia the political competition along religious and ethnic lines led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia into six independent countries.
--such examples lead some people to think that politics & social divisions should not be allowed to mix; if social divisions exists in a country they must never be expressed in politics.
POSITIVE EXAMPLES:
Every expression of social division in politics does not lead to disasters. Social divisions of some or the other kind do exist in every society of the world and are reflected in politics.
--in a democracy it is only natural that political parties talk of these divisions, make different promises to different communities, look after their representation and policies to redress the grievances of disadvantaged communities.
THREE DETERMINANTS:
There are three factors which are crucial in deciding the outcome of politics of social divisions.
1. Outcome depends upon how people perceive their identities. If they see their identities in singular and exclusive terms it becomes very difficult to accommodate. As in India we think of ourselves as Indians as well as belonging to a state or a language group or a social or religious community.
2. It depends on how political leaders raise the demands of a ny community. It is easier to accommodate demands that are within the constitutional framework and are not at the cost of another community.
Example –the demand for only Sinhala was at the cost of the interest and identity of Tamil community in Srilanka; in Yugoslavia also the ethnic communities presented their demands in such a way that these could not be accommodated with in a single country.
3. It depends on how the govt. reacts to the demands of different groups. Example—In Belgium and Srilanka if the rulers are willing to share power & accommodate the reasonable demands of minority community, social divisions become less threatening for the country. But if they suppress such a demand in the name of national unity, the end result can be quite opposite & such a forced integration can sow the seeds of disintegration.
Q. ARE SOCIAL DIVISIONS ARE DANGEROUS OR NORMAL & HEALTHY?
In a democracy political expression of the social divisions is very normal and can be healthy as….
--It allows various disadvantaged and marginal social groups to express their grievances and get govt. to attend to these.
--The expression of various kinds of social divisions in politics often result in cancelling one another out and thus reducing their intensity. This leads to strengthening of a democracy.
--People who feel marginalized, deprived and discriminated have to fight against the injustices and such fights often takes the democratic path, voicing their demands in a peaceful & constitutional manner and seeking a fair position through the elections.
--sometimes these social differences can take a form of the unacceptable level of social inequality and injustice. The struggle against such inequalities sometimes take the path of violence and defiance of state power.

water resources in Rajasthan-a case study

2008-08-27T22:18:00.002+05:30

Rajasthan Complete

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CH-2-ECONOMICS-SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY

2008-08-26T23:24:00.003+05:30

Chapter –2—Economics
SECTORS OF THE INDIAN ECONOMY
In order to understand the functioning of any economy, we need to study various sectors that it comprise. All around us we find people engaged in different types of activites.
CLASSIFICATION OF THE ECONOMIC SECTORS:
The classifications are based on
1.Nature of activity being performed.—Primary, Secondary & Tertiary
2.Working conditions of the workers—Organised & unorganized.
3.Who own the assets/ on the ownership basis.—Public & Private
PRIMARY SECTOR: 1.Activites undertaken by directly using natural resources.
2. Example—Agriculture, Mining, Fishing, Forestry, Dairy etc.
3.It is called primary sector because it forms the base for all other products that we subsequently make.
4. Since most of the natural products we get are from agriculture, dairy, forestry, fishing it is also called Agriculture and related sector.
SECONDARY SECTOR:
It covers activities in which natural products are changed into other forms through ways of manufacturing that we associate with industrial activity.
2. it is a next step after primary, where the product is not produced by nature but has to be made.
Some process of manufacturing is essential, it could be in a factory, a workshop or at home.
3. Example: Using cotton fibre from plant, we spin yarn and weave cloth; using sugarcane as a raw material we make sugar or gur; we convert earth into bricks.
Since this sector is associated with different kinds of industries, it is also called industrial sector.
TERTIARY SECTOR:
1.These are the activities that help in the development of the primary & secondary sector.
2. These activities by themselves do not produce good but they are an aid and support to the production process.
3.Example: a)Transportation--Goods that are produced in the primary sector need to be transported by trucks or trains and than sold in the wholesale and retail shops;
b) Storage--at times it is necessary to store these products in godowns,which is also a service made available.
c)Communication --talking to others on telephone);
d) Banking--borrowing money from the banks.
4.Since these activities are generate services rather than goods it is also called Service sector.

Q. How do we count the various goods and services and know the total production in each sector?
As thousands of goods and services are produced, it is an enormous task to add up all these.
To get to this problem economists suggested that the value of goods and services should be used rather than adding the actual numbers. But only one precaution is to be undertaken ie., only final value of the goods and services should be counted as it already includes the value of all intermediate goods.
GDP— The value of final goods and services produced in each sector during a particular year provides the total production of the sector for that year. And sum of production in three sectors give Gross Domestic Production—GDP of the country.
--It is the value of all final goods and services produced within the country during a particular year.
--GDP shows how big the economy is.
Q. Who measures the GDP in India?
This mammoth(huge) task in India is carried on by the Central government ministry , with the help of various govt. Departments of Indian states and union territories.
The information relating to total volume of goods and services and their prices is collected and then estimates the GDP.
Historical change in the sectors: three stages.
INITIAL STAGE:
After observing the changes that have come in the development patterns of the sectors, it has been found that
- in the Initial stages of the development the Primary Sector was the most important sector of economic activity.
-As the methods of farming changed and agricultural sector began to prosper, it produced much more food than before and many people could takeup many other activities which led to the increase in number of activities.
-However at this stage most of the goods produced were natural products from the primary sector, hence most people were employed in this sector.
SECOND STAGE:
-Over a long time(more than hundred years or so) because new methods of manufacturing were introduced, factories came up and started expanding.
-People began to work in factories in large numbers, and also people started using factory goods in large numbers as they were cheap.
-Secondary sector gradually became the most important in total production and employment. There was a shift and the importance of the sectors also changed.
THIRD STAGE:
In past hundred, there has been a further shift from Secondary to Tertiary sector in the developed countries.
-The service sector has become the most important in terms of total production.Most of working people are also employed in the service sector.
Q. What does the history of developed countries indicate about the shifts that have taken place between sectors?(book question)
It indicates that both secondary and tertiary sectors are developing and are becoming major contributors of the GDP.
-This shift has come up with the improvement in the agricultural sector, people now had more time for other activities and the number of craft persons, traders (SECONDARY) increased and also buying and selling activities also increased .Now there were many transporters, administrators, army etc.(TERTIARY)
Rising importance of tertiary sector in production:
Over thiry years between 1973 and 2003, production in the tertiary sector has increased the most, and it has emerged as the largest producing sector in India replacing the primary sector.

Q. Why the Tertiary sector is becoming so important in India?
There are several reasons to it:
1. In any country several services such as hospitals , educational institutions, post and telegragh services, police stations, courts, village administrative offices, municipal corporations, defence, transport, banks, insurance companies etc. are required.
These services are called the’ Basic services.’ In the developing countries the government has to take the responsibility for provision of these services.
2. The development of the agriculture and industrial leads to the development of services such as transport, trade, storage and the like. Greater the development of primary and secondary sectors more will be demand of such services.
3. As the income level rise, certain sections of people start demanding many more services like eating out, tourism, shopping , private hospitals, professional training etc. This is found especially in the big cities.
4. Over the past decade or so certain new services such as those based on the information and communication technology have become important & essential.

INDIAN SECTORIAL GROWTH:
It is a remarkable fact that while there has been a change in the share of three sectors in GDP, a similar shift has not taken place in employment.

--Service sector in India employs many different kinds of people—at one end there are a limited number of services that employ highly skilled workers and on the other end there are a very large number of workers engaged in services such as small shopkeepers, repair persons, transporters etc. Hence only a part of sector is growing in importance.
-- More than half of the workers in the country are working in primary sector, mainly in the agricultural, producing only a quarter of GDP. In contrast to this secondary and tertiary sector are producing three-fourth of the produce whereas they employ less than half the people.

Q. WHERE ARE MOST OF THE PEOPLE EMPLOYED? WHY?
The primary sector employs the largest number of people in India.
--It is because not enough jobs were created in the secondary and tertiary sectors.
Q. Even though primary sector employs largest number of people yet its share in GDP is less. Why?

--More than half of the workers in the country are working in primary sector, mainly in the agricultural, producing only a quarter of GDP. In contrast to this secondary and tertiary sector are producing three-fourth of the produce whereas they employ less than half the people.
--This also means that there are in agriculture more people than necessary and even if we move a few people out, production will not be effected. In other words, workers in the agricultural sector are under-employed.
UNDER-EMPLOYMENT:
It is a situation, where people are apparently working but all of them are made to work less than their potential.
--if few people move out , it will not effect the production.
--it is hidden in contrast to the open unemployment where a person is clearly or visibly without job.
--it is also called disused unemployment.
--this underemployment also happens in the other sectors for example there are thousands of casual workers in service sector in the urban areas as painters, plumbers, repair persons etc.
HOW CAN WE CREATE EMPLOYMENT?
There are various ways in which govt. can create employment opportunities as…
1.The govt. can spend some money or banks can provide loans to construct well ect. Which will reduce the dependency of farmers on rains, and they will be able to grow two crops a year.
2.Construction of Dams and Canals can lead to lot of generation of employment in agricultural sector itself.
3.If govt. invests some money on transportation and storage of crops or makes better rural roads, it can provide productive employment not just to farmers but alsoto other who are in services like transport or trade.
4. If local banks give credits at reasonable rates to the small and marginal farmers ,they will be able to buy necessary inputs for their crops in time.
5.Another way to solve this problem is to identify , promote and locate industries and services in the semi-rural areas where a large number of people maybe employed.Example:many farmers grow arhar &chickpea for them a dall-mill to procure and process these & sell in the cities;opening a cold storage will give an opportunity to thefarmers to store their produce like potato &onion and sell them price is good; villagers near forests can start with honey collectionect.
5.To improve health situation we need health centres, hospitals & for that doctors, nurses, workers.
6. Similarly to provide education to all children we would need lot of schools which can also generate employment.
7.Tourism:every state or region has the potential for increasing the income and employment for people in that area.This can also be done by promoting tourism or regional craft industry.
8.News services like IT are also creating jobs.
All these are the long term projects but govt also has certain short term projects for people as:NREGA-2005.
NREGA—2005
--National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005.
--started by the Central govt.
-- made a law implementing Right to work in 200 districts of India.
--all those who are in need of work will get guaranteed 100 days work and if the govt. fails to do so, it will give unemployment allowances to them
--the work will of the type which will in future help to increase the production from land.

DEVELOPMENT--CHAPTER - 1--ECONOMICS

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Q. What is development?
A. It means progress. It has many aspects. Different people have prespectives on development.
Q. Why do different people have different notions of development?
A. Different people have different notions of development because life situations of persons are different and therefore their aspirations and desires and goals.
Q. Do the statements mean the same? Give examples to prove.
a)people have different development goals.
b)people have conflicting development goals.
No the two statements differ.
a) People have different development goals means that since people come from different situations therefore their development goals differ as an urban unemployed youth would aspire for a good salaried job,promotions ect. And on the other hand a rural unemployed would want better job oppurtunities in the village, job security and dignity of labour.
b) People have conflicting goals means that development for one may not be development for the other .Their goals may clash.
For example-1. industrialist may want more dams for electricity but this may submerge the land disrupt lives of the people who are displaced-such as tribals, who may prefer small check dams or tanks to irrigate their lands.
2.Landless rural labourers want more days of work &better wages;schools for quality education;no social discrimination and politcal participation whereas the Prosperous farmer wopuld want assured high family income through high support prices for their crops and hard working and cheap labour.
Here if the labour wants high wages and the farmer wands cheap labour their goals clash and are conflicting.
HOW TO COMPARE DIFFERENT COUNTRIES OS STATES?
For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.
--Countries with higher income are more developed than the countries with less income.It means that higher income means more of all things that human beings need.
Q. Why do we take average income to compare two countries?
Since countries have different populations comparing total income doesnot tell us what an average person is likely to earn, hence we compare the average income which is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
It is also called per capita income.
Q. What criterion is being used by the World Bank as per World Development Report 2006, in classifying the countries?
--World Bank says that countries with the per capita income of Rs 4,53,000 per annum and above in 2004 are called rich countries and those with the per capita income of Rs 37,000 or less are called low-income countries.
--India comes in the categoery of low income countries because its per capita income in 2004 was just Rs. 28000 per annum.
--Rich countries excluding the countries of Middle-East and certain other small countries are generally called developed countries.

Q. What does this table show?

A- In this Punjab has the higest per capita income and Bihar is at the bottom. If per capita income is used as the measure of development, Punjab Punjab is the most developed and Bihar is the least developed state.

SOME NEW TERMS:

IMR-Infant mortality rate-it indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that year.

LITERACY RATE-measures the proportion of literate population in 7 and above years of age.

NET ATTENDENCE RATIO- is the total number of children of the age group of 6-10 attending school as a % of total number of children in the same age group.

Q What does this table show?
--The first column of the table show that in Kerala out of 1000 children born alive 11 died before completing one year of the age but in Punjab the proportion of the children dying within ne year of the birth is 49, which is nearly 5 times more.
--also per capita income of Punjab is much more than Kerala.
--The last column shows that more than half of the children donot go school.
Q. How is it that the average person in Punjab has more income than in Kerala but lags behind in other crucial areas?
A. The reason is that money cannot buy all the goods ans srevices that we need to live a healthy and happy life. Therefore income by initself is not the only adequate indicator of the material goods & services that citizens are able to use.
Q. Why does Kerala has low infant Mortality rate?
It is because it has adequate provision of basic health and educational facilities.
Which has resulted in better health and nutritional status of the people.

BMI-BODY MASS INDEX
How is calculated?
Take the weight of a person in Kg and then take the height in metres. Divide the weight by square of height, if this figure is less than 18.5 then the person is undernourished and if it is more than 25 than the person is overweight.
--this is though not applicable to the growing children.
Human development report:(published by UNDP)
According to the HDR health and education are the indicators of the development besides food, clothes and shelter.
--HDR compares countries on the basis of educational levels of the people, their health status and per capita income.
SUSTAINABILITY OF DEVELOPMENT:
It means that development which is not only for the present times but is also for the future generations too.
Q. "The earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to meet the greed of one". How is the statement relevant to the discussion of the development?
A. this means that there are enough resources to meet the needs of all if they are used judiciously and not over exploited by a few,& depriving the others who need them.
--Over exploitation of resources has led to their depletion.
--Some resources are non-renewable, can not be replenished and will soon get exhausted.
--Therefore with the greed of a few developed and rich countries the other coutries are bound to suffer a shortage of resources.

ASSIGNMENT ON WATER RESOURCES

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ASSIGNMENT:
1.Why is Earth called watery planet?
2.What do you mean by water scarcity and what are its causes?
3.Is it possible that an area or a region has ample water resources but is still facing water scarcity?Give examples to prove your answer.
4.Why do we need to conserve & manage water?
5.What do you mean by a dam or a multipurpose project? Give examples .
6.List four ancient hydraullic structures of India.
7.In the recent years muliti-purpose projects have come under great scrutiny and opposition for variety of reasons.What are these reasons?
8.What do you know about 'Narmada Bachao Andolan' and' Tehri Dam Andolan'?
9.What is rooftop rain harvesting?How it is being practised in different parts of India?
10.Write a short note on Tanks or Tankas used for storing water.
11.How is water harvested in Shilong, Meghalaya?
12.Name the state where rain water harvesting structures are compulsory?
13.Compare advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose projects.
14.Discuss how rain-water harvesting in semi arid regions of Rajasthan are carried on?
15.Write a short note on Bamboo drip irrigation system.
16. How has Gendathur, a village in Mysore in Karnataka has come into prominence?

WATER RESOURCES--CH-3-GEOGRAPHY

2008-05-09T22:29:00.008+05:30

WATER RESOURCESS
SOME FACTS:
Earth is watery planet.
--96.5 percent of the total volume of world,s water is existing in the oceans and only 2.5% is fresh water.
--Nearly 70% of this fresh water is in the form of glaciers, while little less than 30% is stored as ground water in water acquifers.
--India receives nearly 4% of global precipitation and ranks 133 in the world in terms of water availablity per person per annum.
--3/4 of earth,s surface is covered with water, but only small portion of its fresh water can be put to use.
--Fresh water is mainly obtained from surface run-off and ground water and is being continually renewed & recharged through hydrological cycle.

Q..If ¾ of world is covered with water & water is renewable resource, then why do countries of the world suffer from water scarcity?
The availibilty of water resources varies over space and time, mainly due to the variations in seasonal and annual precipitation, but water scarcity is mainly caused due to
–Over exploitation
–Excessive use
–Unequal acess of water among different social groups.
–It can be the outcome of the large growing population and consequent greater demands for water.(for domestic use and for production of food.)
–Ever increasing number of industries exert pressure on existing freshwater resources. As these industries require power to run tem and much of this energy comes from hydroelectric power(approx.22% of the total energy produced.)
–Urbanisation and urban lifestyles require added water and energy resources which has further aggravated the problem.
–This scarcity is also due to the bad quality of water, which is due to domestic and industrial wastes
MULTI PURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS
These were launched after the independence with their integrated waer resources management approach.These were thought of as the vehicle that would to national development and progress.
Jawhar lal Nehru called them to be the ‘Temples of modern India’, as it would integrate the development of agriculture and village economy with rapid industrialisation and the growth of the urban economy.
Q.What are Dams and how do they help us?
A. A Dam is a barrier buitl across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment.
Today Dams are built for: irrigation, generation of electricity,flood control, recreation inland navigation and fish breeding.
Example--Bhakara dam,(on sutluj-Beas ), Hira kund on the Mahanadi river.
Q. Why in the recent years multi-purpose projects and the dams are under great scrunity and opposition?
A. There are variety of reasons for this, which are as follows:
1.regulating and damming of rivers affect the flow and excessive sedimentation of at the bottom of the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats for the rivers acquatic life.
2.dams also fragment rivers making it difficult for aquatic fauna to migrate, especially for spawning.
3. the reservoirs that are created on the flood plains also submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
4. resistance to these projects , recently has also been due to the displacement of local communities.People have to give up their livelihood and their meagre access and control over resources for the greater good of the nation.
5.dams have transformed the social landscape i.e increasing the social gap between the richer landowners and landless poor. As in Gujrat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated and almogst caused a roit over the higher priority given to water supply in the urban areas, particularly during the droughts.
6. Inter-state disputes have also become common with regard to the sharing the cost and benefits of the multi-purpose project.
7.The objections to the projects arose due to their failure to achieve the purpose for which they were built.
as these pojects were built to control floods have triggered floods due to sedimentation in the reservoir, moreover the big dams are extremely unsucessful in the times of excessive rainfall(in 2006 the release of water from dams during the floods aggravated the flood situation )
--sedimentation also meant that the folld plains were deprived of the silt, natural fertiliser, further adding on to the problem of the land degradation.
8. multipurpose projects also induce earthquakes, cause waterborne diseases and pests and pollution resulting from excessive use of water.
NARMADA BACHAO ANDOLAN--OR SAVE NARMADA MOVEMENT.
--It is a non-governmental organisation that mobolised tribal people,farmers, environmentalist and humanrigts activitists against the sardar-sarovar dam being built caross Narmada in Gujrat. --It orginally focussed on environmental issues related to trees that would be submereged under the dam water.
--recently it has re- focussed the aim to enable poor citizens, especially outees(displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilities from the government.
RAIN WATER HARVESTING
Disadvantages and rising resistance against the multipurpose projects, have diverted us to the water harvesting system as the viable solution, both socially , economically and environmentally. 1. In hills and mountainous regions people built diversion channels like 'guls' and'kuls' of the western Himalayas for agriculture.
2.Roof top rainwater harvesting was earlier commonly practised to store drinking water, particularly in Rajasthan.
3. In flood plains of Bengal, people developed inundation channels to irrigate their fields.
RAJASTHAN
4. In the arid and semi arid regions , agricultural fields were converted into rainfed storage structurs that allowed water to stand and moisten the soil like 'khadins' in Jaisalmer and Johads in the other parts of Rajasthan.
5.In the arid and semi arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had tanks or tankas for storing drinking water.
--they could be as large as a big room.
--they are a part of well developed rooftop water harvesting system, built inside main house or courtyard.
-- they are connected to the sloping roof of the houses through the pipe.Rain falling on the rooftops would travel down the pipe and was stored in these underground 'tankas' .
--the first spell of rain was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes.
--it is a extremely reliable source of drinking water when all othersources of water are dried up, particularly in summers.
--'Palar pani" or the rain water is the purest form of natural water. Many house constructed undergroung rooms adjoining the tanka to beat the csummer heat as it is would keep the room cool.
Today in Rajasthan sadly this practice is on decline as plenty of water is available due to perennial Rajasthan canal.
ROOF TOP WATER HARVESTING IN SHILONG,MEGHALAYA
It is a most common practice in Shilong and is also very interesting because Cherapunji & Mawsynram situated at a distance of 55km from Shilong receive higest rainfall in the world yet the state capital Shilong faces acute shortage of water.
--nearly every household in the city has rooftop water harvesting structure.
--nearly 15-25%of total water requirement of the house hold comes from the rooftop water harvesting.
--BAMBOO DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM IN MEGHALAYA
In Meghalaya, a 200 year old system of tapping stream & spring water by using bamboo pipes is prevalent.
--over 18-20 litres of water enters the pipe system and gets transported over hundreds of metres.
EXAMPLES—
Today in many parts of rural and urban Indiarooftop water harvesting is sucessfully adapted to store and conserve water
1. TAMIL NADU—is the first and the only state in India which has made rooftop rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the stste. There are leagle provisions to punish the defaulters.
.
2. KARNATAKA: In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysore, Karnataka, villagers have installed in their houses rooftop waterharvesting system to meet their water needs.Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned a distinction of being rich in rain water resources.
--HYDRAULLIC STRUCTURES OF ANCIENT INDIA
Archaeological & historical records show that from anicient times we have been construct1.ing structures like dams built of stone rubble,reserveoirs or lakes, embankments or rivers for irrigation. Some of them are as follows.
1.In the 1st century B.C, Sringaverapura near Allhabad had sophisticated water harvesting system challening the flood water of river Ganga.
2.During the times of Chandragupta Maurya, dams , lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built.
3.Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga(orrisa)Nagarjunkonda(Andhra Prades), Bennur(Karnataka), Kolapur (Maharashtra) etc.
4.In the 11th the Bhopal lake one of the largest artificial was built.
5.In the 14th the tank in Haus-khas, Delhi was built by Illtutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area.

A MESSAGE TO ALL NEW X CLASS STUDENTS

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Dear students
I welcome you all to my bolg!
Hope you all will find this blog intresting and you will make maximum use of it.
For your information notes of history--chapter-3(Nationalism in India) are on Ms. Saini's blog and its assignment is on my blog.
On my blog on the right side you will find both Ms. Saini's blog link as well as assingnments (when you will scroll down).
Make maximum use of the blog and do comment if you need to, as it will serve as a feedback for me, but please do send related comments only.

SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS--24-29 FEB 08

2008-02-29T22:51:00.004+05:30

DEAR STUDENTS I WISH YOU ALL A VERY BEST OF LUCK FOR THE EXAMS!
MAY GOD BLESS YOU ALL WITH VERY GOOD MARKS.

Dear Anisha, all the best for yuor exams &here is the answer to your queries.

GERMAN UNIFICATION:--1. Nationalist feeling was widespread among Germans, who tried to topple monarchy in 1848. This feeling was suppressed by the Monarch, army and landlords (called Junkers ) in Prussia. Since then Prussia took leadership in the movement for national unification.2. Its chief minister Otto Von Bismarck was the architect of this process, as he believed in the policy of Blood and Iron.3.. He took the help of army and Bureaucracy to form German nation.6. Three wars were fought for about 7 years with Austria, Denmark and France and it ended in Prussian victory.4.. In January 1871 an assembly of representatives of army, princes of German states, Prussian ministers and Bismarck gathered in hall of Mirrors in the palace of Versailles to proclaim new German state. The new nation laid emphasis on modernizing the currency, banking, legal and judicious systems of Germany.

CONGRESS OF VIENNA 1.After the defeat of Napoleon, European powers--- Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria met at Vienna.The congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich.2.The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power and France had lost all the territories it had occupied under Napoleon.3.Kingdom of Netherlands was set up in north and Genoa was added to Piedmont, an Italian empire.4.But the German confederation of 39 stated that had been set up by Napoleon was left untouched.5.In the east, Russia was given Poland while Prussia was given a portion of Saxony.The main intention behind all this was to restore monarchies, a new conservative order in Europe.

--Yes Pages 147, 139, 65, 15 of history are to be done. Questions have been framed on them . Do them as short notes.
India’s first movie— 1896. RAJA HARISHCHANDRA, by Dada saheb Palke.
ROMANSHA---
Association formed by Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar---DEPRESSED CLASSES ASSOCIATION—1930.
Choice in the maps is not necessary.
Please do learn names of regional parties and how are they formed.
SHALINI
CHAPTER-2 of pol.sc.—federalism.
Definition, feature—pg.15 any four.
Difference bet. Coming and holding fed—pg-15.
Q.what makes Indian federal/ power distribution.—3 lists, pg-16,17
Q how can we change power sharing arrangement—pg-17.
Coalition govt.—changing trends—pg-20.
Decentralization-1992—4-5 points-pg-24.
Rural local govt. &MCD-pg-25.

OUT COMES OF DEMOCRACY
TOPICS—QUESTIONS
Q. How do we asses democracy’s outcomes?i.e how effective it is?/ how it has proved to be beneficial?
How is democratic govt. better than the other govts.
ANS---It is accounatable, responsive & legitimate.—explain.
2. we judge it through the economic growth and development—compare the ecomomic growth of democratic countries with that of the dictators.-pg-93.
3.democracy is good if it reduces inequality and poverty.
4. democracy should produce harmonious social life—reduces tensions & negotiate differences.
5.promotes dignity & freedom of citizens.
Q. EXPECTATIONS FROM DEMOCRACY—pg-98, right side.

PRINT CULTURE---QUESTIONS.
1.Where did earliest kind of print technology developed?
2.Define Calligraphy, vellum
3.what was the use of printing press in China?
4.write about Dimond sutra.
5.How did paper reach Chima?
6. ‘production of hand written manuscripts could not satisfy ever increasing demands of the people’ Why?—(page—156, 3 para.)
7.Note on Gutenberg’s printing press.
8.Impact of print revulotion—4 marks.
Ans---a)new reading public.
b)impact on religion-debates & fear of print culture.
c)reading mania-reading culture.
d)print & tyrants(despotic rulers)
9.’Earlier there was a hearing public, now a reading public came into being’. Explain the statement. OR
‘Oral culture thus entered print & printed material’ Explain
10.Impact of print cultire on French revolution.
11.Print and children, women & workers.( pg—165, only points.)
12. Names of books & writers on .( page—168—175)

solving problems.

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Dear students I am giving a collective reply to your queries. Do go down the post and find answers to your problems.

OVER LAPPING AND CROSS CUTTING DIFFERENCES
OVERLAPPING DIFFERENCES:
A situation in which one kind of social difference becomes more important than the other and people start feeling that they belong to different communities, or when one difference over laps with other differences.
2. Example: a) difference between Black& White becomes a social division in the US because Blacks tend to be poor, homeless and discriminated against.
b)In our country Dalits tend to be poor and landless. They often face discrimination and injustice.
3.It always creates tensions deep social divisions.
CROSS-CUTTING DIFFERENCE:
If social differences cross-cut another, it is difficult to pit one group against the other.
It means that groups that share a common interest on one issue are likely to be in different sides on different issues.
2.Example: a)In Netherland and in Northern Irelands, both are predominantly christians but divided protestants and catholics. In Northern Ireland, class and religion overlap each other, catholics are poor and discriminated, but in Netherlands they cross-cut each other.both catholics &protestants are likely to be equally rich.
3.these differences are easier to accommodate.

DRY LAND FARMING &WET LAND FARMING
DRY LAND—It is done in the areas which are scarce in water, where rainfall is less than 50 cm.
WET LAND FARMING—It is done in those areas which receive good rainfall.

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES OR EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE
It is a step taken to attract foreign companies to attract investment in India.
(more details are on the page-67, in the box in the economics book.)

Ramagundam—dam &thermal power station are located at different places on the same river.

Questions ----History

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LESSON ONE HISTORY --Nationalism in Europe.
ONE MARK QUESTIONS.
Q1.Write two changes that occured after the French revolution of 1789?
Q2.After industrilisation in Europe which new groups came into existence?
Q3.Which traditional institutions conservatives wanted to maintain?
Q4.'Aristocracy was dominent group in Eroupe'.Give two reasons.
Q5.Mazzini founded which two secret societies?
Q6.Name two states which came under Balkan region.
THREE MARKS QUESTIONS
Write three features of Nation-states.
Why did the initial enthusiasm of French revolution resuled in the revolt of people?
Q3.Write three results of French revolt of 1830.
Q4.Language played an important role in creating the feeling of nationalism in Poland' Explain with the help of examples.
Q5.What was the role of Frankfurt Assembly in the making of Germany?
Q6.'After 1871 Balkan region became an area of conflicts and tensions'. give three reasons.
FOUR MARKS QUESTIONS.
Q. Write four results of treaty of Vienna-1815.
Q.‘Decade of 1830, in Europe experienced number of problems. Give four reasons.
Q. Write four stages of German unification.
Q. How did the Act of Union of 1707-helped England to complete its influence over Scotland?
Q Write four conditions prevailing in Italy before its unification.
Q Write important features of the strategy followed by England in relation to Ireland.

LESSON--2 -RISE OF INDIAN NATIONALISM
ONE MARKS QUESTIONS.
1.when did Rowlatt Act come into being?
When did Gandhiji return to India from south Africa?
What was Inland Immigration Act?
when and why did Gandhiji withdraw non-cooperation movement?
who formed Swaraj party?
what do you mean by Picketing?
when and where was poorna swarajaya demanded?
which two associations were formed by Dr. Ambedkar for Dalits?
when and who started Khilafat movement?
3 MARKS QUESTIONS
what do you understand bi satayagrah?
why was civil-disobedience movement launched?
what do you understand by Poorna swarajya?
‘Dandi march was a form of civil-disobedience movement’Justify.
what was the role of INA in freedom struggle movement?
which important decisions were taken in the Lahore congress?
when was Gandhi-Irwin pact signed? What were its two features?
write steps taken by Ambedkar to improve the conditions of dalits in India.
how did Gandhiji popularized the idea of swaraj in the plantations?
write three causes of revolt by peasants.
4 MARKS QUESTIONS.
NOTES ON:
20.Jallianwala bagh, rowlatt act, Poona pact.
21.why did Gandhiji withdraw non-cooperation movement?
22.Salt satayagrah was an effective tool against British rule. Justify.
23.why was simon-commission appointed?
24.What do you understand by Khilafat&non-cooperation movement.Name their leaders.
25.why did different groups of people participate in non-cooperation movement?Give four reasons.
26.which symbols were used by the nationalist leaders to unite people?
27.Different groups of people joined civil-disobedience for different reasons.write about them.
28.write about the limitations and shortcomings of civil-disobedience movement.
29.how did events during the first world war contributed in our freedom struggle movement?

.LESSON-5 HISTORY -INDUSTRIALISATION
ONE MARKS
1.For whom did craftsmen worked in the villages?
2.Why did London become popular as a finishing center?
3.when were machines invented in England?
4.who invented steam engine?
5.write the meaning of industriliastion.
6.what is capita;ism?
7.where was first jute mill setup in India?
8.what do you mean by ‘Fly shuttle’?

3 MARKS.
9.What was the condition of workers in 18th century? Three points.
10.‘Peasants were moving towards towns’. Why? Give three reasons
11.write three important features of handmade goods.
12 Initially, which important industries were setup in India and where?
13.why was there a decline in the export of textile in 19th century? Give three reasons.
14.what do you understand by trade unions? Why were they formed?
15.where was first Office of Chamber of Commerce setup and why was it setup? Give three reasons.
16.how did Gomasthas treated weavers?

4 MARKS.

17.mention Labour Acts passed during British rule in India?
18.How did industrialisation in England effect our economy?
19.what changes appeared in the agriculture as a result of the industrialization.4 points.
20.mention 4 problems faced by the weavers with ‘Manchester coming to India.’
21.how did industrialisation helped in raising the living standard of the people?
22.What measures and steps were taken to improve conditions of the workers in factories in England?
23.Industrialisation had both positive and negative effects. Write 4 four points.
24.what do you understand by advertisement? What is its significance? How did Manchester industrialist used it to sell their textile in India? Explain.

LESSON –6 WORK LEISURE AND LIFE
1.Write the novel written by Durgacharan.
2.when did industrial revolution start in England?
3.name two industrial towns of England.
4.what do you mean by Tenements?
5.where and when first underground train start?
6.name two metropolitan cities of the world.
7.name the presidencies in India under the British rule.
8.when and where was first textile mill setup in India?
9.which was first film of India?who had made it?
10.where in India are maximum films being produced?
11.name two writers of Indian film industry.
3 MARKS.
12.What is a metropolitan? Write three features.
13.why there was an increase in the population of London in the middle of 18th century?
14.’In the 19th century rich people of London supported the idea of homes for poor’ why, give reasons.
15.In the 19th century in England what were the sources of leisure and entertainment?
16.with the example of Calcutta write three features of metropolitan cities.
17.list the harmful effects which came with the emergence of industries.
18.what changes came in the societies as a result of the industrial revolution.
19.give three reasons as to why population of Bombay increased in the 19th century.
4 MARKS
20.Name four industries of Londonwhere maximum people got employment?
21.why most of the films directed in Bombay were based on the life of migrants?
22.'Paris Haussaminisation' had positive and negative effects. give 2 justifications each.
23.how industrialisation led to pollution?give 4 points.
24.how did London police try to reform culprits?
25.write 4 differences between villages and towns.
26.how does population explosion effect the following groups
a)Zamindars b) police officers.

Answer to comments posted by students.

2008-01-03T18:22:00.000+05:30

Dear students if Mrs. Saini has not posted notes , it is not that you donot have anything to learn from .Ihave made you mark everything in the book, so please consult the book and learn from there.
BOLG ADDRESS FOR HISTORY NOTES IS:
http://socialscience...x.blogspot.com/

Dear Sanya In our country we have multiparty system and opposition can consist of various parties.
Tyrants of the world be ware means that tyrants that is the bad rulers must now be alert as now media was there to publish therer good and bad deeds.(consult book).

CHALLENGES TO DEMOCRACY

2007-12-28T08:55:00.000+05:30

Dear students
Notes of chapter -7 of political science are available on Ms. Saini's blog,.
You can go to her bolg through my blog also by clicking her bolg,
given on the right side on my main page.

CHAPTER--8

CHALLENGE—it is a difficulty that carries within an opportunity for progress.
A challenge is not just a problem ,we call those difficulties a ‘challenge’ which are significant and which can be overcome.
SERIOUS CHALLENGES THAT DEMOCRACY FACES ALL OVER THE WORLD.
Q. Different countries face different challenges. What are these challenges?
1. A challenge for non-democratic countries--From the map of democratic nations of 2000, we observe that at least one-fourth of globe is still not under democratic govt.
In these parts of the world there is a foundational challenge of making the transition to democracy and instituting democratic govt.
--This involves bringing down the existing non-Democratic regime, keeping military away from controlling govt. and establishing a sovereign and functional state.
2.Challenge for established nations—most of these nations face the challenge of expansion.
--this involves applying the basic principle of democratic govt. across all the regions, different social groups & various institutions.
--ensuring greater power to local govts.
--extension of federal principle to all the units of the federations.
--inclusion of women & minority groups etc. falls under this challenge.
--it also means that less & less decision should remain outside the domain of democratic control.
--most countries including India & US face this kind of challenge.
3.Challenge for every democracy—of deepening of democracy is faced in every democracy in one form or the other.
--this involves strengthening of the institutions and practices of democracy, thjose institutions that help people’s participation and control.
--this requires an attempt to bring down the control and influence of rich and powerful people in the making of governmental decision.
This challenge takes a different path & meaning in different parts of the world.
POLITICAL REFORMS
Democratic Reform/Political Reform:--all the suggestions and proposals about overcoming various challenges to democracy.

All the countries donot have same challenges, it follows that everyone cannot follow the same recipe of political reforms & therefore we cannot prescribe same procedure .
Q. List some broad guidelines that can be kept in mind while devising ways and means for political reforms in India.
1. Legal ways of reforming politics—to think of new laws to ban undesirable things. Carefully devised changes in laws can help to discourage wrong political practices and encourage good ones. But, legal-constitutional changes by themselves cannot overcome challenges to the democracy.
–democratic reforms are to be carried by the political activists, parties, movements and politically conscious citizens.
2. Any legal change must carefully look at what results it will have on politics.
Sometimes the results may be counter-productive. For example , many states have banned people who have more than two children to contest elections Panchayat elections. This has resulted in denial of political opportunity to many poor women what was not intended.
–generally law that seek to ban something are not successful in politics, instead laws that give political actors incentives to do good things are more successful..
–the best laws are those which empower people to carry out democratic reforms. For eg. The Right to Information Act is a good example of law that empowers people to find out what is happening in the govt. and act as watch dogs of the democracy.
–such law helps to control corruption and supplements the existing laws that banned corruption and imposed strict penalties.
3. Democratic reforms are to be brought about principally through political practice, therefore the main focus of the reforms should be on ways to strengthen the democratic practice.
–the most important concern should be to increase & improve the quality of political participation by ordinary citizens.
4. Any proposal of political reform should not think only about what is good solution but also about who will implement it and how.
--it is not wise to think that legislatures will pass legislations that will go against the interest of all political parties and MP’s. But, measures that rely on democratic movements, citizens organizations and the media are likely to
succeed.
REDEFINING DEMOCRACY
DEMOCRACY—It is a form of a govt. in which rulers are elected by the people.

Democracy can be redefined and its meaning can be expanded by adding some qualifications, such as
a) The rulers elected by the people must take all decisions.
b) Elections must offer a choice and fair opportunity to the people to change the curremt rulers.
c) The choice and opportunity should be available to all the people on equal basis and,
d) The exercise of this choice must lead to a govt. limited by the basic rules of the constitution and citizen’s rights.
VARIOUS ASPECTS OF DEMOCRACTIC GOVT. AND POLITICS, BEYOND ITS DEFINITION.
--Democratic rights are not only limited to right to vote, stand in elections or forming organizations but democracy should also offer some social and economic rights to its citizens.
--Power sharing-( how it is being shared between govts. & social groups) ,is necessary in a democracy.
--democracy cannot be a brute rule of majority and that respect for minority voice is necessary for democracy.
--Eliminating discrimination on the basis of the caste, religion and gender is important in democracy.

POLITICAL PARTIES

2007-12-24T12:47:00.000+05:30

CHALLENGES TO POLITICAL PARTIES
We know that how crucial political parties are for the democracy.They are the most visible face of the democracy and people blame them for whatever is wrong in the working of democracy.
This is a case of our country too. Popular dissatisfaction and criticism has focussed on four problem areas in the working od political parties.
1. LACK OF INTERNAL DEMOCRACY(with in the party):
all over the world there is a tendency in the political parties towards the concentration of power in one or few leaders at the top.
--parties donot keep membership registers, donot hold organisational meetings and conduct internal elections regularly.
--ordinary members donot get sufficient information on what happens inside the party.
--leaders assume greater power to make decisions in the name of party.
--more than layalty to the party principles and policies, personal loyalty to the leader becomes more important.
2.DYNASTIC SUCCESSION :
since most of the parties donot practice open and transparent procedures , there are very few ways for the ordinary worker to rise to the top in the party.As those in the position favour people who are close to them .
--in many parties top positions are always controlled by members of one family.This is unfair to the others and bad for democracy.,since people with not much experience or popular support come to occupy positions of power.
3.GROWING ROLE OF MONEY AND MUSCLES.(in parties during elections)
--since parties are focussed only on winning elections, they tend to use short-cuts to win elections.
--they tend to nominate candidates, who have or can raise money.Rich people and companies who give funds to the parties tend to have influence on the policy decisions of the parties.
--in some cases parties support criminals who can win elections.
4.PARTIES DONOT OFFER MEANINGFUL CHOICE:
In order to offer meaningful choice parties should be different, but in the recent yeras there is decline in the ideological differences among parties in most parts of the world.
--as in our country differences among all major political parties on economic policies have reduced. and also in Britain,the difference between the LabourParty and the Conservative Party is very little.
--sometimes people can not even elect very different leaders either,because the same set of leaders keep shifting from one party to another.

Q. HOW CAN PARTIES BE REFORMED?
Some of the recent efforts and sugesstions in our country to reform political parties and its leaders.
1.the constitution was amended to prevent elected MLA's and MP's from changing parties.This was done because many of them were indulging in Defections, inorder to become ministers for cash rewards.
--now the laws says that if any MLA or MP changes parties, he or she will lose seat in the legislature.The new law has brought defection down and has made dissent even more difficult.Now MLA's MP's have to accept whatever party leaders say.
DEFECTION--changing party allegience from the party on which a person got elected to a different party.
2.the supreme court passed an order to reduce the influence of money and criminals.
--now it is made mandatory for every candidate who conducts elections to file an affidavit giving details of his property and criminal cases pending against him.The new system has made a lot of information availble to the public.
AFFIDAVIT: a signed document submitted to the officer, where a person makes a sworn statement regarding her personal information.
3. the election commission passed an order making it necessary for the political parties to hold their elections and file their income tax returns.
--though parties have started doing so but it is a mere formality.

Many suggestions have been made to reform political parties as,
1. a law should be made regulate the internal affairs of political parties.
–it should be made compulsory for political parties to maintain a register of its members, to follow its own constitution, to have an independent authority ,to act as a judge in case of disputes, to hold open elections in case of disputes.
2. it should be made mandatory for the political parties to give a minimum number of tickets, one-third, to women candidates. Similarly there should be a quota for women in the decision making bodies.
3. there should be state funding of elections. The govt. should give parties money to support their elections expenses such as petrol, paper, telephone etc. or it could be given in cash on the basis of votes secured by a party in the last elections.
4. People can put pressure on political parties and this can be done through petitions, publicity and agitations. Ordinary citizens, pressure groups and movements & media can play an important role in this. If political parties feel that will loose public support by not taking up reforms they will become more serious about reforms.
5. Political parties can improve if those who want this join politics. As the quality of democracy depends upon the degree of participation. It is difficult to reform politics if ordinary citizens do not take part in politics & simply criticize it from outside .

These suggestions have not yet been accepted by all political parties but if accepted can lead to improvement.
But over regulation of political parties can be counter productive and this would force all the parties to find ways to cheat the laws, besides political parties would not like to pass the law they do not like.

POLITICAL PARTIES

2007-12-08T17:22:00.000+05:30

POLITICAL PARTIES
Political party:- it is a group of people who come together to contest elections and hold power in the govt.
--they agree on some programmes & policies for the society with a view to promote collective good.
--these parties try to persuade people why their policies are better than others.
--they seek to implement these policies by winning popular support through election.
--they reflect fundamental political divisions in the society.They are about a part of society and involve PARTISANSHIP.
Political party has three components: the leader, the active members and the followers.
Q. Why do we need parties? Or
What are the functions performed by the political parties?
Parties perform series of functions.
Parties contest elections—in most of democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by the political parties. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections.
Parties put forward different policies and programmes: each one of us may have different opinions and views. In democracy large number of similar opinions have to be grouped together to provide a direction in which policies can be formulated by the govt. and parties do this .
–A party reduces a vast multitude of opinions into a few basic position which it supports.
–The govt. is expected to base its policies on the line taken by the Ruling party.
3.Parties make laws for the country: Though laws are passed by the legislature but most of the members belong to a party, they by the direction of party leadership, irrespective of their personal opinions.
4.Parties form and run govt.: Big policy decisions are taken by political executive that comes from the political parties.
--Political parties recruit leaders, train them and make them ministers to run the govt. in the way they want.
5. Those party who loose the elections, play role of the opposition. They voice different views and criticize govt. for its failures or wrong policies.
--opposition parties also mobilize opposition to the govt.
6.Parties shape public opinion: they raise and highlight issues.
--they do this through-pressure groups, which are the extensions of political parties and also launch movements for resolutions of problems faced by the people.
--Opinions in the society crystallise on the lines parties take.
7.Parties provide people access to govt. machinery and welfare schemes implemented by govt.
--for an ordinary citizens it is easy to approach a local party leader than a govt. official, they feel close to party even if they do not trust them.
--even parties have to be responsive to the people’s needs and demands otherwise people can reject parties in the next elections.
Q. How can we say parties are a necessity for democracy?
OR
Q. Why modern democracies cannot exist without political parties?

1.If every candidate in the elections will be independent, no will be able to make any promises to the people about any major policy changes.
2.The govt. may be formed ,but its utility will remain ever uncertain.
3.Elected representative will be accountable to their constituency for what they do in the locality.But, no one will be responsible for how country will run.
Also if we look at the non-party based elections to the Panchayats in many states, although, the parties donot contest formally, it is generally noticed the village gets split into more than one faction, each of which puts up a ‘panel’ of its candidates.
This is why we find political parties in almost all countries of the world.
RISE OF POLITICAL PARTIES
The emergence of political parties is linked to the emergence of Representative Democracies—large scale societies need representative democracy.
--as society become large and complex they also need some agencies to gather different views and various issues and to present these to the govt.
--they needed some way to bring various representatives together so that a responsible govt, could be formed.
--they need mechanism to support or restrain the govt. , make policies, justify or oppose them .
--political parties fulfill these needs that every representative govt. has.
HOW MANY PARTIES SHOULD WE HAVE—PARTY SYSTEMS
In different countries we have different political systems being followed.
There are three types of political party systems:--
1.ONE PARTY SYSTEM—In some countries only one party is allowed to control and run the govt.,these are called one party systems.
--we have this type in China.- Commuinist Party.
Any democratic system must allow at least two parties in to compete in the elections so that each party gets a fair chance to come to power..in this respect it is not a democratic option.
2.TWO-PARTY SYSTEM—In some countries power usually changes between two major parties.
Several other parties exist, contest elections and win few seats in the legislature . But only two main parties have a serious chance of winning and forming govt.
--examples are UK AND US.
MULTI-PARTY SYSTEM—If several parties compete for power, more than two parties have a reasonable chance of winning and coming to power either on their on their own or through an alliance with others.
--in India we have this system.

ALLIANCE/FRONT—When several parties join hand for the purpose of contesting elections or winning power, it is called front or alliance.
NDA—National Democratic Alliance, UPA-United Progressive Alliance are the examples.
COALITION—the govt. formed by various parties coming together in a coalition.
Present govt.—UPA govt. is an example of this.

Q. Which party system should a country choose?
Party system is not sometjing that a country can choose.
It evolves over the period of time, depending upon the nature of society, its social and regional divisions, its history of politics and nature of elections.
--each country develops a party system that ois conditioned by its special circumstances.for example in India we have evolved a multi-party system, it is because the social and geographical diversity is so large that it can not be accommodated by two-three parties.
--no system id ideal for all countries and all situations.
NATIONAL PARTIES/REGIONAL PARTIES
At present there are more than 750 political parties registered with the election commission in India.
Democracies that follow a federal system all over the world have two kinds of political parties.,
Parties that are present in only one of the federal units and the ones that are present in several units of the federations. This happens in India as well.

National parties;-those parties which which are country-wide parties are called National parties.
--these parties have their units in various states.
--by and large they follow uniform policies, programmes & strategy that is decided at the national level.
--Election Commission declares those parties as national parties which have got 6% of the total votes and have at least won 4 seats in the LokSabha.
--Election Commission offers some special facilities to large and established parties. These parties are given a unique symbols and only the official candidates of that party can use that election symbol.
--parties that get this privilege and some other special facilities are called Recognised Political Parties.
--according to this classification in India we have six national parties.
REGIONAL PARTIES:-
Aparty that secures at least 6% of the total votes in the in an election to the Legislative Assembly of a state and wins atleast 2 seats is recognized as a regional party/state party.
--some of these are all India parties that happen to have succeeded only in some states.
--parties like this are Samajwadi Party, Samta Party and Rastriya JantaDal have national level political organization with units in several states.
--some of the partie like Biju Janta Dal,Sikkim Democratic Front & Mizo National Front are conscious about their state identity.
NATIONAL PARTIES

1.INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (INC)—
Popularly known as the Congress Party, is one of the oldest parties of the world.
--founded in 1885.
--Played an important role in Indian politics at the national and state level after the independence.
--Under Nehru sought to build a modern secular democratic in India.
--Ruling party at the centre till 1977 and then from 1980-1989, after which its support declined .
--A centrist party in its ideological orientation, it espouses secularism and welfare of weaker sections and minorities.
--Supports new economic reforms with a human face.--Emerged as an single largest party with 145 seats in 2004 elections and is currently a ruling as United Progressive Alliance coaltion govt. at the centre
BHARATIYA JANATA PARTY(BJP)
--founded in 1980 by reviving the Bharatiya Janata Sangh.
--wants to build a strong and modern India by drawing inspiration from India,s culture and values.
--cultural nationalism or Hindutva is an important element in its conception of Indian nationhood and politics.
--wants full territorial & political integration of Jammu &Kashmir with India, a uniform civil code for all people living in India irrespective of the religion, and ban on religous conversions.
--its support base has increased in the 1990's, it was earlier limited to north and north west and to urban areas, the party expanded its support in south, east, the north-east and to rural areas.
--came in power in 1998 as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance including state and regional parties.
--lost elections in 2004 and is the principle opposition party in the Loksabha.
BAHUJAN SAMAJ PARTY(BSP)
--formed in 1984, under the leadership of KanshiRam.
--seeks to represent & secure the power for bahujan samaj which includes dalits, adivasis, OBC's and religious minorities.
--draw inspiration from the ideas and teachings of ShauMaharaj, Mahatama Phule, Periyar Ramaswami Naicker and BabaSaheb Ambedkar.
--stands for the cause of securing interest & welfare od dalits and opperesed people.
--main base in the state of UP & substaintial presence in the states like MP, Chhattisghar, Delhi
Uttrakhand and Punjab.
--formed govt. in UP several times with support of different parties.
--in Loksabha elections in 2004 it polled about 5% votes and secured 19 seates in loksabha.
COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA-MARXIST(CPI-M)
--founded in 1964.
--believes in Marxism & Leninism.
--suports socialism , secularism and democracy and opposes imperialism and communalism.
--accepts democratic elections as useful means and helpful means to securing the objective of socio-economic justice in India.
--enjoys strong support in Kerela. westBengal & Tripura, especially among the poor, factory workers, farmers, agricultural laboures and intelligensia.
--critcal of new economic policies taht allow free flow of foreign capital and goods into the country.
--has been in power for 30 years in West Bengal.
--in 2004 elections it won about 6% votes and 43 seats in Loksabha.
--currently supports the UPA govt.from outside without joining the govt.
COMMUNIST PARTY OF INDIA (CPI)
--formed in 1925.
--believes in Marxism & Leninism secularism and democracy.
--opposed to the forces of secessionism and communalism.
--accepts parliamentary democracy as the means of promoting the interest of working class, farmers and yhe poors.
--became weak after the split in the party in 1964 that led to the formation of the CPI(M)
--popular in Kreela, WestBengal, Punjab, AndhraPradesh and TamilNadu.
--its support base has declined over the years, secured about 1.4%votes and 10 seates in 2004 Loksabha elections.
--adovocates coming together of all left parties to build a strong left front.
--currently supports UPA govt. from outside.
NATIONAL CONGRESS PARTY(NCP)
formed in 1999 following a split in congress party.
--supports democracy, gandhian secularism,equity, socail justice & federalism.
--wants high offices in the govt.to be confined to the natural born citizens.
--major pary in Maharashtra and has a significant in Meghalaya, Manipur and Assam.A coalition partner in the stae of Maharashtra in alliance with the congress .
--since 2004 a member of the UPA.
STATE PARTIES
Other than six national parties, most of the parties in India are classified as state parties or regional parties.
--some of these parties are all India parties that happen to have succeeded in only some states.
--parties like Samajwadi Party, Samta Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal have national political organization with
units in several states.
--some of these parties like Biju JanataDal, Sikkim Democratic Front & Mizo National Front are conscious
about their state identity.
--over last three decades the number and strength of these parties has expanded,this has made parliament of India more diverse.
--no national party is able to secure on its own a majority in Loksabha,as a result national parties are compelled to form alliances with state parties.
--since 1996, nearly every one of state parties has got an opportunity to be a part of one or other national level coalition govt.

DEMOCRACY AND POPULAR STRUGGLES

2007-12-02T22:44:00.000+05:30

PRESSURE GROUPS:
--Pressure groups are organizations that attempt to influence govt. policies
--They do not directly control or share political power.
--these organizations are formed whith people with common occupation, interest, aspirations and opinions come together in order to achieve common objective.
These pressure groups are of two types.
SECTIONAL GROUP & PROMOTIONAL/PUBLIC INTEREST GROUPS.
Sectional:—seek to promote the interest of of a particular section/group of society.
--trade unions, business associations& professional lawyers doctors, teachers etc.
----they are sectional because they represent a particular section of a society.—workers, employees, businessmen followers of religion caste etc.
--the principal concern is the betterment & well being of its members & not of the society in general.
Public interest group:- they represent some common or general interest that needs to be defended.
--they are also called promotional group as they promote collective and not selective good.
--the members of the organization may not benefit from the cause that the organization represent. They aim to help groups other than their own members.
--in some cases the members of a public interest group may undertake activity they benefits them as well as others too.
--Eg.-:in Nepal Human rights was such organization, & in Bolivia FEDECOR, In India also we have BAMCEF
BMCEF-(Backward and Minorities Community Employees Federation)is such an organization that campaigns against caste discrimination, it addresses the problem of its members who suffer discrimination and its principle concern is with social justice and social equality for the entire society.
MOVEMENT GROUPS:
People’s movement word is used to describe many forms of collective action.
--it attempts to influence politics rather than directly take part in the electoral competition.
--these movements have loose organization.
--their decesion making is more informal and flexible.
--they depend more on spontaneous mass participation than an interest group.
--Eg.-Narmada Bachao Andolan,Movement of Right to Information,Anti-LiquorMovement, Environmental movement.
There are two types of movement groups:
SPECIFIC &GENERAL/GENERIC MOVEMENTS
Specific movements:-they are issue specific movements to achieve single objective
They work in limited frame of time and thus have usually short active life.--
Examples-The Nepalese movement for democracy arose with specific objective of reversing the king’s order that led to suspension of democracy.
In India, Narmada Bachao Andolan is also an example of this.
(This movement started with a specific issue of people displaced by the creation of sardar dam on the river Narmada.Its objective was to stop the dam from being constructed. Gradually it became a wider movement that questioned all such big dams.)
General/Generic movement:-these to achieve a broad goal in the long run.
--these are long term & involve more than one issue.
--there is no single organization that controls or guides such movements.
--Example—The Environmental movement and Women’smovements are such examples.
LOOSE UMBRELLA:-Some times these broad organizations have a loose umbrella. Various movement groups struggling on specific issues are constituent of this loose organization which coordinates the activities of a large number of people’s in our country.
Example-NAPM-National Alliance for People’s Movement is an organization of organizations.
Q. How do organizations and pressure groups influence politics?
They exert influence in variety of ways.
1.They try to public support and sy,pathy for their goals and activity by carrying out information campaign through organizing meetings,file petitions etc., they also make use of media.
2.They often organize protest activity like strike or disrupting govt. programmes.Workers organizations,employees associations etc. resort to these methods to force govt. to take notice of their demand.
3.Business groups often employ professional lobbyist or sponser expensive advertisements. Some persons from pressure groups may participate in official bodies or committees that offer advice to the govt. These groups exert influence on the political parties without being a party. They have political ideaology & political position
on major issues.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL PARTIES AND PRESSURE GROUPS
It can take different forms, direct and indirect:
DIRECT:
--In some instances the pressure groups are either formed or led by the leaders of the political parties or act as the extended arms of political parties. for eg.—trade unions and students organizations in India are either established by or affiliated to one or the other major political parties.--most of the leaders of such pressure groups are usually the activist or leaders of party.
--Sometimes political parties grow out of movements. As had happened
in Assam movement led by students against the foreigners came to an end and it led the formation of ASSOM GANA PARISHAD and the roots of DMK AND AIDMK in Tamil Nadu can also be traced to the social reform movements during the 1930 and 1940’s
INDIRECT:
--They often take positions that are opposed to each other, yet they are in negotiation with each other.
--they do raise issues which are taken up by the political parties.
--most of the new leardership of political come from interest or movement groups.
IS THE INFLUENCE OF THE ORGANISATIONS HEALTHY?
It may appear that it is not healthy for the groups that promote interest of one section to have influence in democracy.
--A democracy must look after the interest of all, not just one section. Also, it may seem that these groups wield power with responsibility.
--political parties have to face the people in elections , but these groups are not accountable to the people.
--pressure groups and movements may not get their funds and from people. Some times with small public support but lots of money they can highjack public opinion in their favour.
--POSITIVE INFLUENCE
--they have deepened democracy, put pressure on unhealthy activities in democracy.
--govt. can often come under the pressure of rich & powerful group but these public interest groups and movements perform a useful role of countering this undue influence and reminding govt. of needs and concerns of ordinary citizens.
--even social interest groups play a valueable role.
--All groups function actively, no single group can achieve dominance over society.
--if one group brings pressure on the govt. the other will counter pressure.
--the govt. hears about what people want.
--this brings a rough balance of power and accommodation of conflicting interest.

POPULAR STRUGGLES IN NEPAL AND BOLIVIA

2007-11-30T11:56:00.000+05:30

MOVEMENT FOR DEMOCRACY IN NEPAL--Second movement for democracy.

Nepal witnessed an extraordinary popular movement in April 2006.The movement aimed at restoring democracy, it was aimed at regaining popular control over govt. from the king.

HISTORY:

Nepal a third wave country, had won democracy in 1990.

--King was formally the head of the state but the real power was excerised by the elected representatives.

--The king Birendra, was the one who accepted this transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy, he and his family was massacred in 2001.

--King Gayendra the new king of Nepal was not prepared to accept democratic rule, on feburary 2005 he dismissed the Prime minister and dissolved the popularly elected Parliament.

Events during the popular revolt:

All the political parties in the parliament formed an alliance--Seven party alliance--SPA and called for four day strike in Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

2. The protests turned into indefinite strike in which Maoist and various organisations joined hands.

3.People defied curfews and took to streets.

4.More than lakhs of people gathered almost everyday to demand retoration of democracy, on 21 april they served an ultimatum to the king and the leaders rejected the halfhearted concessions given by the king and struck to their demand s.

5.their main demands were--a)restoration of parliament,

b)power to an all party govt.

c)new constituent assembly.

RESULTS:

On 24th april , the king was forced to conceed to all the demands

--Girija Prasad Koirala was choosen as the new PM of the interim givt.

--The SPA & Maoist came to an understanding as to how new Constituent Assembly was to be elected.

--Parliament passed laws taking most of the powers of the king.

It was known as second movement of democracy in Nepal.

BOLIVIA'S WATER WAR-A Struggle against Privatisation of Water

--Bolivia is a small and poor country in Latin America.The WorldBank pressuried the govt. to give up its control of municiple water supply.

--The govt. sold off these rights to an MNC.The company immediately increased the prices four times.

--In January 2006 a new alliance of labour, human rights and community leaders organised a sucessful strike for four days in the city and the govt. agreed to negotiate but nothing happened. Police resorted to brutal repression when the agitation was started again in Feburary.

--Another strike was there in April and govt. imposed martial law.

--But the power people forced the officials of MNC to flee the city and made govt. to conceed to all demands of the protesters.

--The contract with MNC was cancelled and water supply was resorted to municipality at old rates.

This was known as Bloivia's water war.

DEMOCRACY AND POPULAR STRUGGLES OF NEPAL & BOLIVIA
The two incidents have following similarities
In both cases political conflict led to the popular struggles.
Both the cases involved mass mobilization.
Both instances involved critical role of political organizations.
DIFFERENCES
1.Nepal was struggling to establish democracy while in Bolivia the struggle involved claims on the elected govt.
2.In Bolivia struggle was about one specific policy, while struggle in Nepal was about the foundations of the country’s politics.
MAJOR ELEMENTS FOUND IN DEMOCRACY
1.It evolves through popular struggles. If significant decisions are through consensus than it is an exceptional situation. Democracy usually involve conflicts between those groups who have excercised power and those who aspire for share in the power. This happens when the country is going through transition to democracy, expansion of democracy or deepening of democracy.
2.Democratic conflicts are resolved through mass mobilization. Some times it is possible that the conflicts are resolved by the existing institutions like parliament or judiciary but when there is a deep dispute, very often these institutions get involved in the dispute and the resolution has to come from outside , from people.
3.The conflicts and mobilizations are based on new political organizations, these include—political parties, pressure groups and movement groups.

MOBILISATION AND ORGANISATIONS.
Q. Which were the major organizations involved in mobilization of the masses in Nepal & Bloivia?
In Nepal:
a) SPA-Seven party alliance of big parties.
b) Nepalese Communist Party—Maoist.
c) All major labour unions and their federations
d) Organizations like organization of indigenous people, teachers, lawyers & human right groups extended their support.
In Bolivia
There was no political party but it was led by ,
a) A n organization-FEDECOR-it comprised of local professions, engineers &environmentalists.
b) Ffederation of farmers.
c) Confederation of factory workers union
d) Middle class students and city’ growing population of homeless children.

Q. What role is played by the organizations in any big struggle?
The organizations play their role in two ways—Direct & Indirect
Direct: One way of influencing the decision in democracy is direct participation in competitive politics. This is done by creating parties, contesting elections and forming govts. Citizens participate through voting.
INDIRECT:
There are many indirect ways in which people can get govt. to listen to their demands or their point of view. This can be done by forming an organization and undertaking activities to promote their interest or their viewpoints. These are called Interest or Pressure groups.
trol of municipal water supply.

NOTES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTERS.

2007-11-27T22:24:00.000+05:30

Dear students you will have to go to Ms. Saini' blog for notes of political science chapters--3&4.
There is link on my blog at right side .You can go to her blog from my blog also.

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY

2007-11-25T23:02:00.000+05:30

LIBERALISATION OF FOREIGN TRADE AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT POLICY

LIBERLISATION: Removing barriers or restrictions set by government is known as liberalization.It has two components.,
1.goods could be imported and exported easily.
2. foreign companies could set up factories and offices here-in India.
TRADE BARRIER—Tax on imports.It is called so because some restriction has been setup.
--govt. can use barriers to increase or decrease(regulate)foreign trade and to decide what kind of goods and services and how much of each should come into the country.
Q. Why did the Indian govt., after independence had put barriers to foreign trade & investments?
--This was considered necessary to protect the producers with the country from foreign competition.
--As the industries were just coming up in 1950’s and 1960’s and the competition from imports at that stage would not have allowed these industries to come up.
--India allowed the imports of essential items as machinery, petroleum, fertilizers etc.
CHANGES AFTER 1991.----WHY?
Around 1991, some far-reaching changes were made in India
The govt. decided that the time has come for Indian producers to compete with producers around the globe.
--It felt that the competition would increase performance of the producers with in the country since they would have to improve their quality.
--Thus the barriers on foreign trade &foreign investments were removed to a large extent.
--This was Liberalisation and with it business were are allowed to take decisions freely about what they wish to export to import.
--The govt. imposes much less restriction than before, & therefore is said to be more liberal.
WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION
It is an organization whose aim is to liberalise international trade.
--It was started at the initiative of developed countries.
--It establishes rules regarding international trade and sees that these rules are obeyed.
--149 countries are at present members of the WTO.
--Though WTO is supposed to allow free trade for all, in practice, it is seen that the developed nations have unfairly retained trade barriers. On the other hand, WTO rules have forced the developing countries to remove trade barriers.
IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION
In the lasy fifteen years, globalisation of the Indian economy has come a long way.
1.MNC’s have increased their investments over the past 15 years, which means that investing in India has been beneficial to them.
a)MNC’S have invested in cell phones, automobiles, electronic, soft drinks, fast foods & in the areas such as banking in urban areas. Thses products have large number of well off buyers.
b) In these industries various new jobs have been created.
c)local companies who are supplying them raw material have also prospered.

2. Several top Indian companies have been able to benefit from the increased competition.
a) They have invested in newer technology and production methods & raised their production & standards.
some have gained from successful collaborations with foreign companies.
b)Globalisation has enabled some large companies to emerge as multinationals themselves as.,Tata motors, Ranbaxy. Asian Paints, Sundaram Fasteners (nuts& bolts).

3. Globalisation has also created new opportunities for companies providing services, particularly those involving IT. The Indian companies are the host of services like, data entry, accounting, administrative tasks, engineering are now being done cheaply in India & are exported to the developed countries.

4.Globalisation& competition among producers-both local and foreign has been of advantage to the consumer, particular of the well off section.
a)Now there is greater choice.
b) They enjoy improved quality and lower prices.
c) As a result these people, today enjoy much high standards fo living than they had before.
BUT THE IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION HAS NOT BEEN UNIFORM.
There are several drawbacks also.

1.Small producers, compete or perish—for a large number of small producers & worker it has posed major challenges.
-- Rising competition has led to shutting down of many units and many workers have been rendered jobless.
--Batteries, capacitors, plastics, toys, dairy products and vegetable oil are the examples of the industries which have been hit hard due to hard competition.
2. Competition and uncertain Employment—Globalisation & pressure of competition have substantially changed the lives of workers, faced with growing competition, most employers prefer to employ workers flexibly.
-This means that the workers are no more secure; they have long working hours, work night shifts on regular basis during peak season, no job security, no benefits as of pension, overtime, medical leave etc.
-Workers are denied their fair share of benefits brought about by globalisation.
-With this the conditions of work in the organized sector has come to resemble that of the unorganized sector.
STEPS TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENT
In the recent years central and state govt. in India is taking some special steps to attract foreign companies to invest in India.
--Industrial zones -called SEZ’s, Special economic zones are being setup.
--SEZ’s are to have world class facilities like electricity, water road transport, storage, recreational and educational facilities.
--The industries which will set up their production units here will not have to pay taxes for initial five years.
these companies are allowed to ignore many of rulers that aim to protect the workers i.e., instead of hiring workers on regular basis, companies hire workers flexibly for short period during the peak period.
--this is done to reduce the cost of labour for the company.
STRUGGLE FOR A ‘FAIR GLOBALISATION’
Fair Globalisation: this would create opportunities for all &also ensure that the benefits of globalisation are shared better.
ROLE OF THE GOVERENMENT IN MAKING ‘FAIR GLOBALISATION.’
The govt. can play a major role in the making this possible.
1.Its policies must protect the interests, not only of rich & powerful but all in the country.
2.the govt. can ensure that labour laws are properly implemented and the workers get their rights.
3.It can support small producers to improve their performance till the time they become strong enough to compete.
4.If necessary govt. can use trade & investment barriers.
5.It can negotiate at the WTO for the ‘fairer rules’.
6.It can also align with other developing countries with similar interests to fight against the domination of the developed countries in WTO.
In past few years, massive campaigns and representations have influenced important decisions relating to trade & investments at WTO. This shows that even people can also play an important role in the struggle for fair globalisation.

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY

2007-11-22T21:24:00.000+05:30

GLOBALISATION AND THE INDIAN ECONOMY
Today we have wide choice of goods and services before us.
There is explosion of brands.
It is a recent trend and in a matter of years our markets have been transformed.
WHAT ARE REASONS / FACTORS FOR THESE RAPID TRANSFORMATIONS?
Middle of twentieth century:
--Production was largely organized with in the countries
--What crossed the boundaries was mainly the raw materials, food stuff and finished products.
--Trade was the main channel connecting distant countries.
EMERGENCE OF MNC’S—Multi national corporations
--It is a company that owns or controls production in more than one nation.
--MNC’s set up offices & factories for production in the regions where they can get cheap labour and other resources.
--This is done so that the cost of production is low and the MNC’s can earn greater profits.
--Many MNC’s have wealth exceeding the entire budgets of the developing countries , with such enormous wealth they have immense power & influence.
FACTORS/ CONDITIONS TO SET UP A MNC
MNC’s set up production where it is
-- close to the markets.
--where there is skilled labour available at low costs.
--where the availability of other factors of production is assured.
--They look for the government policies that look after their interests.
INVESTMENT:
The money that is spend to buy assets such as land, building, machines and other equipment is called investment.
The investment made by MNC’s is called foreign investment.
Q. Why do MNC’s set up production jointly(with local companies)?
The benefits to the local company of such joint production is two-fold.
MNC’s can provide money for the additional investments like buying new machines for faster production.
2.MNC’s might bring them latest technology for production.

VAROIUS WAYS IN WHICH MNC’s ARE SPREADING THEIR PRODUCTION:
There are variety of ways in which MNC’s are spreading their production and interacting with local producers in various countries across the globe. They do this by various means:

1.By setting up partnerships with local company..
2.By closely competing with local companies or buying them -the most common route for MNC investments is to buy up local companies and to expand production. With their huge wealth they can easily do so..
3. By using local companies for supply - Large MNC’s in developed countries place orders for production with small producers.Eg., garments, footwear, sports item etc. The products are supplied to MNC’s which then sell these under their brand names ti the customers.
As a result, production in these widely dispersed locations is getting interlinked.
MNC’s are exerting strong influence on production at these distant locations.

WAYS BY WHICH MNC’s CONTROL PRODUCTION.
Top MNC’s have enormous wealth and at times even bigger than the budget of the developing countries.
--Another way in which they control production is that MNC’s in the developed countries place orders for production with small producers .
--The products are supplied to the MNC’s, which then sell these under their brand names to the customers.
--These MNC’s have enormous power to determine price, quality, delivery. and labour conditions for these distant producers.
TRADE AND FOREIGN TRADE
HISTORY:
--Various trade routes connecting India and South Asia to markets both in the East and West & extensive trade that took place along these routes.
--It was trading interest which attracted various trading companies such as East India Company to India.
Q. What is the function or purpose of foreign trade?
1--Foreign trade creates an opportunity for the producers to reach beyond the domestic markets i.e., markets of their own countries.
2--Producers can sell their produce not only in markets located within the country but can also compete in markets located in other countries of the world.
3—For the buyers, import of goods produced in another country is one way of expanding the choice of goods beyond what is domestically produced.
EFFECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE:
There are various positive & negative effects of foreign trade. Its positive effects are
1.With the opening of trade, goods travel from one market to another.
2. Choice of goods in the markets rises.
3. Prices of similar goods in the two markets tend to become equal.
Producers in the two countries now closely compete against each other even though they are separated by thousands of miles.
Foreign trade thus results in connecting the markets or integration of markets in different countries.The economies of various countries are getting interlinked.
EFFECTS OF FOREIGN TRADE THROUGH THE EXAMPLE OF CHINESE TOYS IN INDIAN MARKETS—Chinese toys in India.
Chinese manufacturers got an opportunity to export plastic toys to India.
Q. How did it benefit to India & to China?
To China: Chinese got an opportunity to trade and expand their business.
--As they were selling it at high selling price, they got high profits.
--Within an year 70-80% of toys shops have replaced Indian toys with Chinese toys.
To India:Indian buyers have more choice now.
--Prices are cheaper now.
--designs are new.
--But due to the cheaper prices & new designs , the Indian toy makers face losses, as their toys are selling much less.

Q. What is Globalisation?
It is the process of rapid integration or interconnection between countries.
--There is one more way through which countries are becoming closer and that is Movement of people between countries. People usually move from one country to another in search of jobs or better education.This is also a result of Globalisation.
.
MNC’S are playing major role in the Globalisation process.
MNC’s have been looking for locations around the world , which would be cheap for their production
--As a result of greater foreign investment and greater foreign trade ,has been greater integration of production and markets across countries.
--More and more goods and services, investments and technology are moving between the countries.
--Most regions of the world are in closer contact with each other than a decade back
--Foreign investment in the countries has been rising.
--Foreign trade between the countries has been rising.
--The activities of most of the MNC’s involve substantial trade in goods and also services..
FACTORS THAT HAVE ENABLED GLOBALISATION
TECHNOLOGY: Rapid improvement in technology has been one major factor that has stimulated globalisation process. Due to technology there has been improvements in various fields as in ,
1.TRANSPORTATION TECHNOLOGY.
a) In past fifty years this technological improvements has led to faster delivery of goods across long distances at lower costs.
b) Containers for transport of goods: have led to huge reduction in port handling costs, increased the speed with which goods can reach markets.
c) Airlines: the cost of air transport has fallen, this has enabled much greater volumes of goods being transported by airlines.
2.INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY:
IT, has played a major role in spreading out production of services across countries.
Remarkable improvements have in the areas of telecommunications, computers &internet.
a)Telecommunications: facilitated by the satellite communication devices, facilities as telegraph, telephone including mobiles, fax are used to contact around the world, to access the information instantly,& to communicate in the remote areas.
b)Computer and internet: computers have entered in almost all the fields.
Internet allows one to share information on almost every thing, we can send instant e-mail and talk through voice-mail across the world at almost negligible cost.

CONSUMER RIGHTS-CH-5 ECONOMICS

2007-11-21T21:16:00.000+05:30

WELL INFORMED CONSUMERS….
When we as consumers become conscious of our rights, while purchasing goods& services, we will be able to discriminate and make informed choices.
Q. Describe some duties which as a consumer we should observe.
If customers want their rights they should also observe duties also.
After a purchase we must insist on cash memo.
While purchasing goods we must be carefull about the quality of goods as well the guarantee of products ans services.
We should buy certified goods—ISI, AGMARK etc.
Consumers should form Consumer Awareness Organisations in their localities to help & aware others.
Consumers must know their rights & must exercise them too.
ISI AND AGMARK
These are logos and certifications which help consumers get assured of quality while purchasing goods & services.
--The organizations that monitor and issue these certificates allow producers to use their logos provided they follow certain quality standards.
--It is not compulsory for all producers to follow standards. However the products that affect health and safety of consumers or the products of mass consumption, it is mandatory on the part of producers to get certified by these organizations.
(LPG Cylinders, food colours and additives, cement, packaged drinking water etc.)
Q. After 20 years of the enactment of COPRA, consumer awareness in India is spreading but slowly. Discuss.
The consumer redressal process is becoming cumbersome,expensive and time consuming because
1.Many a times consumers are required to engage lawyers.
2.These cases require time for filing and attending the court proceedings etc.
3.In most purchases cash memos are not issued hence evidence is not easy to gather.& most purchases in the market are small retail sales.
4.The existing laws are also not very clear on the issue of compensation to consumers injured by defective products.

CONSUMER RIGHTS CH-5 ECONOMICS

2007-11-19T22:51:00.000+05:30

CONSUMER RIGHTS
Consumer—When we pay a price for a commodity or service & use it ,we become consumer.
We participate in the market both as producer and consumers
Q. Why do we need rules and regulations in the market?
--Rules and regulations are required in the market for protecting the environment .
--As in the informal sector moneylenders use various technique to bind the borrower, similarly many people who work in the unorganized sector have to work at low wages and have to accept conditions which are not good for their health. To prevent such exploitation we need rules & regulations.
--These are required for the protection of the consumers in the market place.
--Markets do not work in a fair manner when producers are few and powerful where as consumers purchase in small amounts and are scattered.
--Companies with huge wealth , power and reach can manipulate the markets in various ways—as false information through catchy advertisements, discounts, gift offers.
The above said conditions require rules and regulations.
EXPLOITATION IN THE MARKET PLACE/COMMON FORMS OF CONSUMER EXPLOITATION:
Exploitation in the market happens in various ways, as
--Underweight& under measurement The goods sold in the market are sometimes not measured or weighted correctly.
--Sub Standard Quality: Selling defective home appliance and expired medicines are its examples.
--High Prices: some times seller charge higher than the MRP.
--Duplicity: Fake and duplicate items are sold in the name of genuine goods.
--Adulteration& Impurities: Adulteration is done in the costly items as in oil, ghee, milk, spices etc. to earn higher profits. This effects consumers health and their money goes waste.
--Lack of safety devices: Electronic goods produced locally lack the required inbuilt safeguards, which may cause accidents.
--Artificial scarcity or shortages: To earn more profits business create artificial scarcity by hoarding and sell the same at higher price.
--False or incomplete information: sellers mislead people by giving wrong information about the products, price, quality, safety, expiry date, maintenance costs etc.
--Unsatisfactory after sales service; many suppliers do not provide satisfactory after sales service in case of expensive electronic equipments, home appliances and cars etc.
--Rough behavior & undue conditions: consumers are often harassed in matters like LPG &telephone connections and in getting licensed items.
Q. Why do consumers get exploited or factors causing exploitation of consumers:
1.limited informatiom.
2.limited supply.
3.limited competition.
4.low literacy or awareness.

CONSUMER MOVEMENT —Factors &Evolution
1. Consumer movement in India arose out of dissatisfaction of the consumers as the sellers were indulging in many unfair practices.
2. There was no legal system available to consumers to protect them from exploitation in market place.
CONSUMER MOVEMENT IN INDIA.
1.As a social force it originated with the necessity of protecting and promoting the interests of consumers against unethical and unfair trade practices.
2.Rampant food shortages, hoarding, black marketing , adulteration of edible oil gave birth to the consumer movement in an organized form in 1960’s.
3.Till 1970’sconsumer organizations were largely engaged in writing articles and holding exhibitions.
4.These organizations formed consumer groups to look into the mal practices in the Ration shops and over crowding in the Road Passenger Transport.
5. More recently India has witnessed an upsurge in the number of organized consumer groups. There are today more than 700 consumer groups in the country of which only about 20-25 are well organized & recognized for their work.
6.India has been observing 24 December as National Consumers’s Day as it was on this day that the Indian parliament enacted COPRA in 1986.
6. India is one country that has exclusive courts for consumer redressal.

CONSUMERS INTERNATIONAL
In 1985 UN adopted the UN guidelines for consumer protection.
This was a tool for nations to adopt measures to protect consumers and for consumer advocacy groups to press their governments to do so.
At the international level it has become the foundation for consumer movement.
Today Consumer International has 240 organisations from over 100 countries.
COPRA—CONSUMER PROTECTION ACT
1. This act was passed in 1986, on 24th December, and since then this day is celebrated as Consumers Day in India.
2. This act was passed to bring pressure on business firms as well as government to correct business conduct , which may be unfair and against the interest of the consumers at large.
3. Under COPRA, a Three –Tier Quasi-Judicial machinery at District, State and National levels have been setup for redressal of consumer disputes.
--District level court deals with the cases involving claims upto Rs 20 lakhs, the State level courts take cases between 20 lakhs to 1 crore& the National leveldeals with the cases involving claims exceeding 1 crore.
If the case is dismissed at Distric level court, the consumer can also appeal in state and than in National level courts.
4. The enactment of COPRA has led to the setting up of separate departments of Consumer Affairs in central & the state govts. Through them the govt. spread information about the legal process which consumer can use. They work through media.
CONSUMER RIGHTS…….
1.Safety is everyone’s right:
While using many goods& services, we as consumers, have a right to be protected
against the marketing of goods and delivery of services that are hazardous to life and property.
--Producers need to strictly follow the required rules and regulations.
--There are many goods and services that we purchase require special attention to safety. For example..pressure cookers have a safety valve which if defective can cause accident, LPG gas cylinder should be sealed and leakproof.
2.Right to be Informed: --When we buy a commodity, we find details given on the packing, These details are about ingredients used, price,batch no., date of manufacture, expiry date & address of the manufacturer.
We have right to be informed about the above mentioned informations, so that consumers can complain and ask for composation or replacement in case product proves to be defective
----These days this right has been expanded to cover various services provided by the govt. In October 2005, the govt of India enacted RTI-right to information act, which insures its citizens all the information about the functions of govt. department
3.Right to Choose: Any consumer who receives a service in whatever capacity, regardless of age, gender and nature of service, has a right to choose whether to continue to receive service.
4. Right to Seek Redressal: Consumers have this right against unfair trade practices and exploitation. .If a damage is done to the consumer, she has the right to get compensation depending on the degree of damage.
5. Right to Represent:
--COPRA has enabled us to have the right to represent in the consumer courts.
--There is a three-tier quasi-judicial machinery at district, state and national levels.--There are various organisations locally known as Consumer Forums or Consumer Protection Council, they guide consumers on how to file cases in the consumer courts: they also they also receive financial support from the govt. to create awareness..

UN Day ! 24 OCTOBER

2007-10-25T22:28:00.001+05:30

NOTES OF CH-2- ECONOMICS

2007-10-22T19:46:00.000+05:30

Url of second chapter of economics:
http://socialsciencelearning.blogspot.com

FORMAL AND INFORMAL SECTORS-WHO GETS WHAT?--MONEY AND CREDIT

2007-10-14T23:09:00.000+05:30

FORMAL AND INFORMAL CREDIT –WHO GETS WHAT?
Importance of formal and informal sectors in urban areas
Poor households-85% from informal sector &15% from formal.
Households with few assets-53% from informal &47% from formal.
Well-off households-28% from informal & 72% from formal.
Rich households-10% from informal &91% from formal.

**This shows that rich households are availing cheap credit from formal lenders whereas the poor households have to pay price for borrowing.
**All this suggests that the formal sector still meets only about half of the total credit needs of the rural people & remaining are met by the informal sector.
**Similar pattern is also seen in the rural areas.
Q.Why does formal sector need to lend more?
1.As most loans from informal lenders carry a very high rate of interest and do little to increase the income of the borrowers. Thus it is necessary that the banks and cooperatives increase their lending particularly in the rural areas, so that the dependence on informal sources of credit reduces.
2.While formal sector loans need to expand, it is also very necessary that everyone receives these loans. At present it is the richer households who receive formal credit whereas the poor have to depend on the informal sources. It is important that the formal credit is distributed more equally so that the poor can benefit from the cheaper loans.
Q. Why do you think that share of formal sector is higher for the richer households compared to the poorer household?
This is mainly because rich people have collaterals and therefore they can easily fulfil the requirements of documentations.
Q. Why are poor households still dependent on the informal sources of credit?
There are several reasons for it as;
1.Banks are not present every where in rural India.
2.Even when they are present, getting loan from them is much more difficult than taking a loan from informal sources, as they require proper documents and collateral.
3. Informal lenders know the borrowers personally and hence are often willing to give a loan with collateral, & the borrowers can, if necessary, approach the lender even without repaying their earlier loans.
NEWER WAYS—SHG’s
In the recent years people have tried new ways of providing loans to the poor.
The idea is to organize rural poor, in particular women into small Self Help Groups and pool their savings.
Q.What is an SHG?
A typical SHG has 15-20 members usually belonging to a neighbourhood, who meet and save regularly.
--Saving per month varies from 25-100 rupees or more depending upon the ability of the people.
--Members take small loans from group itself to meet their needs.
--The group charges interest but it is still less than what a moneylender charges.
--After year or two if the group is regular it becomes eligible for availing loans form the banks. Loan is sanctioned in the name of the group and is meant to create self employment opputunities for all its members.
--Loans are provided for releasing mortgaged land, for meeting working capital needs as buying seeds,fertilizers,raw materials, for acquiring assets like sewing machine, handlooms, cattle, etc.
--Important decisions regarding the savings, loan activities are taken by the group members.
The group decides –the purpose, amount, interest to be charged, repayment schedule etc.
Non repayment is taken seriously, because ofthis feature of repayment banks are willing to lend loan especially to women when organized in SHG.even when they have no collateral as such.

Q.Why SHG’s are becoming popular?
SHG’s are becoming popular for the following reasons:
1.They help borrowers overcome the problem of lack of collateral.
2.They can get timely loans for variety of purposes and at a reasonable interest rate.
3. They are building blocks of the organization of the poor.
4. It helps women to become self-reliant.
5.The regular meetings of the group provide a platform to discuss and act on various social issues as health, nutrition, domestic violence, etc.

Q Analyse the role of credit for development?
Credit plays a very positive & crucial role in the development.
--It helps in self-development and self-reliance.
--It helps in growth and expansion of industries and business.
--It boosts production capacity of economy and in turn leads to capital formation.
--It also helps in speeding the process of industrialization.